PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION D. ra 
30.—-THE FLORA OF NEW ENGLAND, NEW SOUTH 
WALES. 
By Frep Turner, F.LS., F.R.H.S., &. 
[In brief abstract only.] 
Since 1890 I have made many botanical excursions to New 
England, and have written special reports on the economic flora 
growing there, and several have been published by the New 
South Wales Government for the information of pastoralists and 
others. New England, as comprised in that portion of New 
South Wales which extends northwards along the Dividing Range 
from a little south of Armidale to the Queensland border, is about 
150 miles long, by about 45 broad, and has an area of about 
4,250,000 acres. The configuration of this area consists of a series 
of plateaux and a considerable exient of both steeply and gently 
undulating country. There are also many rugged hills and deep 
gorges, It rises from an altitude of 3264 ft. at Ar midale to 5000 
ft. at Ben Lomond, falling to 2830 ft. at Tenterfield. The 
average elevation is about 3500 ft. Although this portion of 
New South Wales is only about 80 or 90 miles distant in a 
straight line from the South Pacific Ocean, still its high altitude 
makes it one of the coldest in eastern Australia. The geological 
formation consists of granitic and metamorphic rocks, which may 
be said to form the backbone of the Dividing Range. In some 
places extensive areas of these rocks are covered with trap and 
basalt, which have resulted from great volcanic disturbances at 
some period of the earth’s listory. Excepting on the bare, 
granitic hills, the soil varies in different localities. About one- 
third is composed of a deep, rich, red soil, which has resulted 
from the disintegration of the basaltic rocks. A large area of 
the flat country is composed of a stiff, retentive, black soil, which 
appears in the form of a deposit, and has most probably been 
washed down from the surrounding highlands. There is also a 
large area composed of light, friable loam, which is the result 
of wash from the eranitic hills. After referring to the tem- 
perature, rainfall, and water, the paper went on to deal with the 
vegetation, which in many respects is of an unique character, 
and differs v ery materially ‘from that growing between its eastern 
boundary and the sea and from that found. outside its western 
limits. On the east the vegetation is of a purely sub-tropical 
nature, and in many places very dense and luxuriant. That 
grow ing on the plains to the west consists of trees and shrubs 
of a more dwarf habit, with scanty foliage, except near the 
watercourses. The New England vegetation may be described 
as intermediate between iWene two. The chief arboreal vegeta- 
tion is the Hucalyptus, of which there are sixteen known species. 
These are found in varying proportions on this area and in cer- 
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