48 president's address — section c. 



made extensive additions to the knowledge of the Cainozoic vol- 

 canic activity. In New South Wales, the long-delayed examination 

 of the Broken Hill field has been vigorously prcsec'uted, and other 

 important studies made of metal- and coal-fields. The recognition 

 by Professor David, Mr. Siissmilch, and their associates, of the 

 great extent of glacial beds beneath the supposed base of the 

 " Permo-Carboniferous system " has led to a new oonceptioii 

 of the relation of Carboniferous and Permian rocks in 

 Australasia, and the volcanic rocks of the former have been studied 

 by Mr. AV. R. Browne. Dr. Tillyard's investigations of the Per- 

 mian and Mesozoic insect-life has opened up an entirely new field 

 in palaeo-entomology. In Victoria, Dr. Stillwell's investigations 

 of the Bendigo goldfields has usefully supplemented the remarkable 

 work of the Official Survey in this and ether mining fields, in 

 which the elaboration of the graptolite-zoning instituted by Dr. 

 Hall, has proved to be of great economic importance. Dr. Teale's 

 investigations have extended cur knowledge of the earliest chapter 

 of geological history in the State. Mr. Chapman's study of the 

 Tertiary faunas in t}ie Mallee district is but one only of his im- 

 portant contributions to Australasian pal.Teontology. Extensive 

 additions have also' been made by several workers to^ the knowledge 

 of the latest stages in the deivelopment of the geological and physio- 

 graphical features. The history of the earlier Palgeozcio period 

 in Tasmania has been made more clear by notable investigations 

 of the Geological Survey in the mineral fields of the West Coast 

 districts. Piroutet's great work in New Caledonia permits us to 

 form a. clear conception of the relations in Permian and Mesozoic 

 times of the lands around the Tasman and Coral Seas. Nor has 

 the advance of geological science been less marked in the Dominion 

 of New Zealand. Except, perhaps, in the period from 1870-1880, 

 in no decade, since the publication of Hochstetter's marvellous 

 work, has there been siich an advance in the fundamental know- 

 ledge of Neiw Zealand geology as in that which has just closed. 

 It is to this new-won knowledgei that attention is directed in the 

 remainder of this address. 



The geology of New Zealand is not generally familiar to Austra- 

 lian scientists, partly because of the dissimilarity between the 

 two Dominions, partly because of the inherent obscurity and diver- 

 sity of interpretation of the record in New Zealand. It has been 

 summarized at intervals. Hochstetter's work (1863-7) was fol- 

 lowed by Hector's geological maps (187.3-1884), Hutton's study of 

 Otago (1875), Von Haast's of Canterbury (1879), and the general 

 summaries of the geology of New Zealand by Hutton (1885), 

 Hector (1886), Hutton (1900), Park (1910), Marshall (1912). 

 Thomson (1913) and Morgan (1914). Yet fundamentally im- 

 portant additions to our knowledge have since been made, which 

 can be fully appreciated only when set in their due place in the 



