36 



J. Lindhard. 



The first two measurements have been dealt with before. The 

 third measurement was made in continuation of the second, but not 

 until I had been standing for a quarter of an hour on the upper 

 deck of the ship in the strong wind. Though the temperature was 

 not very low, the cold was felt appreciably. Both the mouth and 

 skin temperatures fall, the latter even more than usually, partly 

 owing to the wind, perhaps also as reaction after the relatively high 

 value obtained by the second measurement. 



In the last reading, 4 hours later, the rectal temperature has 

 fallen a little owing to continued sedentariness; the mouth tempe- 

 rature displays a slight rise corresponding to the slight rise in the 

 temperature of the air, but the skin temperature has risen consider- 

 ably, much more than was to be expected from the difference in 

 the air temperature; for the wind had subsided. 



When staying in a heated room the temperature on the forehead 

 and other parts of the skin does not differ very much. 



Temp, in room Temp, on forehead Temp, on wrist 



5° С 3005° С. 



8-5° - 319° С. 



On the temperature, however, becoming so low that the cold 

 is felt inconveniently, the difference may be considerable. After 

 sitting still about Vh hours at about 0° С I found 



on left thenar 192° C. 



— wrist 19-6° - ,^ 



forehead 281°- 



mouth 36-45° - 



I felt pains in the hands and fingers owing to the cold. 



That the skin temperature is mainly dependent on certain at- 

 mospheric conditions and especially on the air temperature and does 

 not generally rise and fall with the rectal temperature is also proved 

 by direct observation on journeys in arctic regions. 



On taking a walk at a low temperature, about 30° C. below 

 zero, although the rectal temperature rises, the uncovered skin, 

 especially the parts round the nose and mouth, are exposed to frost- 

 bites. In wind the danger is increased. I have seen wide-spread 

 frost-bites of the 1st and 2nd degree on the head, shoulders, arms 

 and back at 32° below zero and strong wind, although the indivi- 

 dual was in energetic movement. This mutual independence of 

 rectal temperature and temperature of the skin was very distinctly 

 displayed on a sledge journey at 36° below zero. We were two men 



