PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION B. 



335 



Our ideas are concentrated by the following arrangement, with 

 example taken from an actual case : — 



CaCOg ) 



Mt-COa = A = 19 In terms of CaCOg per gallon 



NaoCOg I 



NaoCOg =(-Hp)=nil do. 



JffpOf } = Ht = i9, do. ^<wr>w. 



CaSOi ( TT 1 c J J^O'' .-.<"•/' \ - 



MgClt =SP = ^^ ^''- J^ ♦ ^'' 



CaCU (=Hca-r2 do. JuJ L I • R .» .-» Y ; 



CaSO^ ' Y^ -«te*-^ /■ 



MgCOg ] V>" /- 



MgCl^ =Hmg = 22 do. V^ '** »^* v^ 



Mgso, ) ^CJiSr A V'V 



Total Hardness = H = 34 do. ^V L_.T . ^^ 



Chlorine = 62-38 do. '" 



SO4 = 12-i4 do. 



Total Solids = 113-2 do. 



All results are stated in equivalent terms of grains of CaCOa per 

 gallon, and this statement is maintained throughout the calculation until 

 the final conversion to actual quantities is made. This method has the 

 very great advantage of reducing the labor of the calculations to a mini- 

 mum, most of the work consisting merely of subtraction and addition. 

 Assuming then that the calcium combines first with the COg, then with 

 SO4, and lastly with chlorine, that magnesium combines with the acids 

 in the same order, but following calcium, and that the alkali metals 

 pursue an opposite order (except that we know whether Na„COg is pre- 

 sent or absent), we note in the example that since the Hca is less than 

 Ht, all Ca exists as CaCOg, and there is no CaCU or CaSO^, and since 

 the Hmg is greater than the SO4, all the SO^ is combined with Mg, and 

 there is no NaoSO^. 



We get, then, the following : — 



CaCOg , 



MgCOg 



NaaCOj 



CaCl2 



CaSOi . 



MgCla , 



MgSO, 



Na^SO* 



NaCl.., 



Expressed in Equivalent Grains 

 of CaCOa per Gallon. 



Actual Quantities in Grains per 

 Gallon. 



