252 Literary and Philosophical Intelligence 



on liis return from Rome to St. Pctcrs- 

 Inirgli, conceived tlic idea of publisli- 

 in^, under tlie title of " Contempora- 

 ries," litIiog;rapliic portraits of all the 

 eminent statesmen, writers, and art- 

 ists, now livinp; in Russia. The work 

 to consist of twelve quarterly Num- 



Lers, each containing five portraits of 

 the size of life. The first two Numbers 

 have already appeared, and evince the 

 progress of lithography in Russia. 



GERMANY. 



The wonderful progress made in bo- 

 tany lately, may Ije in some measure 

 estimated by the follow ing comparative 

 nole on works, and especially a late 

 German enumeration, which treat of 

 it : — Liuna3ns had .34 Veronicas ; Per- 

 soon 63 ; Wahl 73 ; Roemur and 

 SchuUeshave in their new edition 136. 

 Of Utriculari;e, Linnaeus has 8; Per- 

 soon 18; Roemer and Schulles 61. 

 Linna!us lias 4 Gratiolas ; Roemur and 

 Schulles 42. Linnasus has 32 Salviac ; 

 Wildenow 76; Persoon 104; Wahl 

 137; Roemer and Schulles 173; &c.— 

 The authors last referred to, have re- 

 tained the Linnaian system, except 

 the 23d class. One volume only is 

 published ; the second volume, now in 

 the press, is announced to contain all 

 the grasses of the 3d class. 



ITALY. 



The clergy of Ixome consist of nine- 

 teen cardinals, tvvciily-seven bishops, 

 1.450 priests, 1,532 monks, 1,464 nuns, 

 and 032 seminarists. Tlie population 

 of Rome, with the exception of the 

 Jews, consisted, in 1821, of 146,000 

 souls. 



M. Aniolini, professor of architec- 

 ture, of IVJihin, ha.s published a descrip- 

 tion of the ruins of V'cleja, and its 

 remaining monuments. Relying on the 

 assertion of Aulus Gcllins, and others, 

 that the municipal towns were model- 

 led on the plan of Rome, the professor 

 marks out the forum, its site and area, 

 with the monuments and buildings that 

 surrounded it. By eagles, and other 



[April I 



1783 it contained only 2700 portfolios 

 of engravings; it now contains 5700. 

 lis annual increase consists of 6000 

 French and 3000 foreign works ; so 

 that there is reason to believe that, in 

 fifty years, the literary and scientific 

 riches of this magnificent establish- 



ment will be doubled. 



A Memoir has lately been published 

 at Paris, by M. de RIarbois, one of 

 the Royal Institute of France for the 

 amelioration of Prisons, by whicli it 

 appears that the gaols of France are 

 in a very deplorable condition. Their 

 average occupation during the last 

 three years has been between 31,000 

 and 32,000. JiI.deMarbois complains 

 of the smallness and dampness of the 

 cells, of the practice of chaining the 

 prisoners, of the bad quality of the 

 food, of the insulficiency of the 

 clothing, of the introduction in many 

 places of straw for beds, and of the ab- 

 sence in all of moral and religious in- 

 struction. He describes the prisoners 

 to be generally in a state of tlie most 

 savage ignorance and barbarism. M. 

 Marbois recommends the introduction, 

 into the French Houses of Correction, 

 of the English tread-wheel. 



A Dictiomuiire Classique d'Histoire 

 Nalurelle has been commenced at 

 Paris. 'J'hc two volumes that have 

 appeared are adorned with coloured 

 plates. 



. PORTUGAL. 



Portugal contains 873 elementary 

 schools ; in 266 of which, Latin is 

 taught, and in 21, Greek and Rhe- 

 toric ; in 27, Philosophy, Natural and 

 Moral. — At Coimbra, there is a uni- 

 versity, directed by six of the faculty, 

 and a preparatory college for .students. 

 — The university and college together 

 contain, annually, from 1280 to 1600 

 students. In 1819, all these estahlish- 

 mcnts were attended by 31,401 pupils. 

 Besides these national institutions, 

 there arc several others, where youth 

 are educated for particular professions, 



marks, he distinguishes the place of — such as the Rlarine and Commercial 



the Temple of Jupiter. By investi- 

 gating the fragments '^f these ruins, 

 long buried in or under the earth, he 

 traces the basilica, the baths, the am- 

 phitheatre. Sec. His learned conjec- 

 tures, which exhibit a sort o{ restaura- 

 tion of Vcleja, are aceomj)anied with 

 ten plates. 



FRANCE. 



The Royal Library in Paris con 

 tained, in 1791, only 150,000 volumes; 

 it now contains above 4-50,000. In 



Academies at Porto, which contained 

 315 students in 1820; and the Aca- 

 demy at Lisbon, in which there were 

 315 students in 1821. The Commer- 

 cial Acaden-iy at Lisbon is attended an- 

 nually by 1.50 pupils. In the same city 

 there are, the Royal College of Nobles, 

 the Royal Arademy for the Arabian 

 Language, the Royal School for Civil 

 Arcliitecture and Drawing, a Royal 

 School for Sculpture, another for En- 

 gra\ing, an Inslitutiou for Music, and 

 several 



