Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 



552 



auxiliary societies. Tlic Society of 

 Moscow piibli.siied ;iiul distributed, 

 witiiin the two last years, 106,000 co- 

 pies, in thirty-two languages; and, 

 since its first establishment in 1813, 

 has printed more than 650,000. 



Three new journals have appeared 

 at St. Petersburgh since the 1st of 

 January last. The first is entithd 

 "Archives of the T^Jortit," and is de- 

 voted to history, ])olitical economy, 

 voyages and travels, and a brief 

 bibliography. The second appears 

 every fortnight, under the title of 

 " Literary Supplement," Sec. Tlie 

 third is in the German language, (the 

 two former are in the Russian,) treat- 

 ing of letters, sciences, the fine arts ; 

 and appears every Saturday. 



At Novoi Oskole, one of the most' 

 ancient and obscure towns of the 

 Ukraine, there is now a very respec- 

 table library of Russian publications, 

 which all the inhabitants may read, at 

 very moderate prices. AschooJ-house 

 lias been annexed to it. 



TIRKEY. 



The Porte has ordered the sale, by 

 nri(/hf, of all the fine libraries that are 

 ill Constantinople. Among others are 

 noticed those of the Piiiues Morasi, 

 wlio had become objects of jealousy 

 to that despotic government, by ica- 

 s6n of their wealth, their patriotism, 

 and their talents. 



GKUMANY. 



A great number of Jesuits, expelled 

 from Russia, have been permitted to 

 fix themselves in Austrian Gallicia, 

 M'here the Gymnasium of Tacnopol 

 lias been assigned them. Doubts were 

 entertained whether the order would 

 be allowed in Austria ; but these are 

 removed, by a House for Novices 

 which they have obtained at Vienna. 



At Leipsic, in Saxony, the number 

 of pupils at the University, during the 

 last winter six months, amounted to 

 1102: among whom, in theology were 

 480; in jurisprudence, 381; in medi- 

 cine, 163 ; and in philology, 74. There 

 was afterwards a further augmentation 

 of fifty-one pupils. 



l'RUSST(\. 



In the month of September last was 

 exhibited, for the first time, at Berlin, 

 a public exposition of the productions 

 of art and of national industry, similar 

 to those which have been so success- 

 fully established in Trance and Bava- 

 ria. It lasted six weeks, an<l took 

 place in the hall of the Institute of 

 Industry. Admission to it was by 



[July I, 



cards, the price of whioh, joine<l to 

 that of the catalogues, is intended to 

 furnish pupils of promising talents 

 with the means of gratuitous instruc- 

 tion. At the conclusion, medals of 

 honour were delivered to several dis- 

 tinguished artists and manufacturers. 

 In the same month was held, in the 

 hotel of the Academy of Fine Arts, a 

 public exhibition of paintings, sta- 

 tuary, compositions and instruments of 

 music, &c. 



FRANCE. 



Intellect is retrograding rapidly in 

 France. The grovelling policy of the 

 Bourbons has already carried back 

 the French a whole generation. The 

 press is under an interdict of fear and 

 superstition, and of passion and re- 

 sentment; and nothing appears wor- 

 thy of being read by free and enlight- 

 ened men. Dull compilations, insipid 

 tales, and abstract disquisitions, con- 

 stitute tiie current literature of France. 

 Never W'cre a people so fallen in a 

 living generation. France is truly 

 blotted from the map of Europe, not 

 by democracj', but by legitimacy. Yet 

 Fiance still possesses more men of 

 genius and mental energy th.in all 

 J'^uiope put together ; they are, how- 

 ever, at this tiuie lingering under the 

 Waterloo-opiate, adminislcied by the 

 state (piacks of Europe. 



M. C. H. Thollako, professor of 

 Physics, S^c. in the College of Tarbes, 

 Upper PjTcnces, has published a small 

 treatise, entitled, " A Preservative 

 against Thunder and Hail, &c." Here- 

 in it is maintained, that cords of 

 flax in th^ straw, placed at a certain 

 elevation above the vineyards, rye- 

 grounds, &c. attract the electricity 

 from the stormy clouds, and jireveut 

 the formation of hail. This very sim- 

 ple process, in 1822, had the most 

 satisfactory results. Out of eighteen 

 communes that are annually struck 

 with hail, and that were provided with 

 the above parugreles, three only were 

 slightly touched, and it was in the 

 parts bordering on those that had not 

 made use of the preservative, (in 

 French paille lin,) whilst twenty of the 

 adjacent communes lost the greater 

 part of their crops. 



During the reign of Napoleon many 

 changes took place as to the exterior 

 of Paris, and greatly for the better. 

 The houses on most of the bridges 

 were taken down, which in the time of 

 Louis XVI. obstructed the circula- 

 tion of the air, and completely masked 

 a series 



