16 
draught-ox, 3]. to 41. 
calf, 5l. 
Clothing and shirts, &c. which are 
all made of light cotton, are rather 
cheap. A shirt will cost about 4s. 
Daily wages are very high in this 
province. A good carpenter will earn 
from between 5s. to 7s. a day, a good 
mason the same. A negro, as a mere 
field-labourer, 1s. 8d. a day. 
But, if such aman has a family, and 
wishes to live decently, he will, at the 
end of the week, have seldom more 
left than to supply him on Sunday, 
even should he have earned between 
7s. and 8s. Such are the prices in the 
capital. 
In the inland districts every thing is 
cheaper ; but the negro, who costs 
there half as much again to buy, 
scarcely earns 10d. and the best arti- 
san scarcely ls. 8d. 
The trades most in request in the 
metropolis and its vicinity are those of 
carpenters, joiners, masons, smiths, 
lock-smiths, wheelwrights, tin-men, 
and copper-smiths. But also many 
tailors, shoe-makers, and even hair- 
dressers and milliners, have found 
good business in the capital. Active 
book-binders would also, no doubt, be 
successful, and accumulate fortunes 
there. 
The surrounding districts, particu- 
larly those along the coast, offer a 
thousand opportunities for an enter- 
prizing man to obtain wealth. 
Although the best cotton grows in 
the country, there are as yet no spin- 
ning-establishments. Millsof all kinds 
are much wanting; sawing-mills, corn- 
mills, and stamping-mills, are among 
those which would succeed best. 
‘Near the capital, several brick-kilns 
might be employed. ‘The lime-stone 
near Cape Frio, thirty leagues from 
Rio Janeiro, is not used, for want of 
an enterprizing individual to embark 
his capital and industry in the erec- 
tion of kilns for burning it. There is 
plenty of wood, and the finest and 
purest porcelain earth and clay may 
be found every where, yet no indivi- 
dual has thought of establishing a 
pottery, all earthenware being im- 
ported from England. With thesame 
advantage manufactories for glass, 
potash, soap, &c. might be established. 
The provinces of Rio Grande, St. 
Paul, and Minasgeraes, are best situ- 
ated for the European farmer. Vines 
might be advantageously grown in 
them, for which the other provinces 
9 
4 
A cow witha 
Present State of Brazil; by Baron Langsdorf. 
{Aug 1, 
are toohot. Besides this Rio Grande 
possesses a great abundance of cattle. 
Here oxen are frequently killed merely 
for the hides, which are exported ina 
raw state to Europe, and afterwards 
re-imported converted into leather, 
It would, therefore, be of great impor- 
tance to establish tanneries in the 
country, where, besides, the most ex- 
cellent bark may be procured. The 
flesh is sometimes dried and exported ; 
but it would be more advantageous if 
any one undertook to cure it properly, 
and to smoke the tongues. Butterand 
cheese might also be abundantly sup- 
plied from the above-named provinces. 
The provinces of Pernambuco, 
Maranham, Bahia, and Rio Janeiro, 
yield very excellent sugar-cane ; but 
there are as yet no good refineries. 
If the cotton were spun in the country, 
manufactories for muslins, calicoes, 
&c. might ultimately be established, 
which could furnish Europe with a 
better and cheaper article than Eng- 
land or India. 
If rice-mills were established in the 
country, thé exportation of this pro- 
duce might be greatly increased. And, 
with more industry, and a greater po- 
pulation, the precious spices of India 
might be produced abundantly, and be 
made a great article of commerce for 
the country. 
The most extensive and valuable 
fisheries might be established on a 
coast embracing 35° latitude, with an 
abundance of fish. ‘These would soon 
vie with the Newfoundland fisheries, 
and make every importation of this 
article useless, besides its being a 
school for the training of valuable 
seamen. 
Tn Para the manufacture of isinglass 
has been most successfully begun; 
and in St. Catherina and Rio Grande, 
as far as Rio Janeiro, the whale- 
fishery and oil manufactories were 
formerly considerable. The extensive 
woods along the coasts not only offer 
an abundance of wood to burn in ma- 
nufactories, but would also give various 
opportunities for making of charcoal, 
the building of ships, and the esta- 
blishment of sawing-mills. 
Mining officers, iron casters, and 
miners, would: be well employed in 
Minasgeraes, which has an abundance 
of gold and iron ore, and where every 
private individual may establish on his 
own account gold and iron mines as 
well as founderies. i 
In the vicinity of St. Francisco, near 
Salgado 
