1822.] 
and culiuré I have adopted, I shall 
probably more easily render myself 
intelligible, by describing accurately 
the management of a single tree of 
each. 
An old St. Germain pear-tree. of the 
spurious kind, had been trained, in the 
fan form, against a north-west wall in 
my garden, and the central branches, 
as usually happens in old trees thus 
trained, had long reached the top of 
the wall, and had become wholly un- 
productive. The other branches af- 
forded but very jittle fruit, aud that 
never acquiring maturity, was conse- 
quently of no value; so that it was 
necessary to change the variety, as 
well as to render the tree productive. 
To attain these purposes, every 
branch, which did not want at least 
twenty degrees of being perpendicu- 
lar, was taken out at its base; and 
the spurs upon every other branch, 
which I intended to retain, were taken 
off closely with the saw and chisel. 
Into these branches, at their subdivi- 
sions, grafts were inserted at different 
distances from the root, and some so 
near the extremities of the branches, 
that the tree extended as widely in 
the autumn, after it was grafted, as it 
did in the preceding year. The grafts 
were also so disposed, that every part 
of the space the tree previously cover- 
ed was equally well supplied with 
young wood. 
As soon in the succeeding summer 
as the young shoots had attained suf- 
fivient length, they were trained almost 
perpendicularly downwards, between 
the larger branches and the wall. to 
which they were nailed. The most 
perpendicular remaining branch upon 
each side was grafted about four feet 
below the top of the wall, which is 
twelve feet high; and the young shoots, 
which the grafts upon these afforded, 
were trained inwards, and bent down 
to occupy the space from which the 
o!d central branches had been taken 
away, and therefore very little vacant 
Space any where remained in the end 
of the first autumn. <A few blossoms, 
but not any fruit, were produced by 
several of the grafts in the succeeding 
spring; but in the following year, and 
subsequently, I have had abundant 
crops, equally dispersed over every 
part of the tree; and I have scarcely 
ever seen such an exuberance of blos- 
som as this tree presents in the pre- 
sent spring (1813). Grafts of eight 
different kinds of pears had been in- 
London Horticultural Society. 
53 
serted, and all afforded fruit, and 
almost in equal abundance. By this 
mode of training, the bearing-branches, 
being small and short, may be changed 
every three or four years, till the tree 
is a century old, without the loss of a 
single. crop; and the central part, 
which is unproductive in every other 
mode of training, becomes the most 
fruitful. When a tree, thus trained, 
has perfectly covered the wall, it will 
have taken very nearly the form re- 
commended by me in the: Horticul- 
tural Transactions of 1808, except 
that the small branches necessarily 
pass down behind the large. 1 pro- 
ceed to the nianagement of young 
trees. 
A young pear-stock, which had two 
lateral branches upon each side, and 
was about six feet high, was planted 
against a wall early in the spring of 
1810; and it was grafted in cach of its 
lateral branches, two of which sprang 
out of the stem about four feet from 
the ground, and the others at its sum- 
mit, in the following year. The shoots 
these grafts produced, when about a 
foot long, were trained downwards, as 
in the preceding experiment, the un- 
dermost nearly perpendicularly, and 
the uppermost just below the horizon- 
tal line, placing them at such dis- 
tances, that the leaves of one shoot 
did not at all shade those of another. 
In the next year, the same mode of 
training was continued; and in the 
following, that is the last year, I ob- 
tained an abundant crop of fruit, and 
the tree is again heavily loaded with 
blossoms. 
This mode of training was first ap- 
plied to the Aston-town pear, which 
rarcly produces fruit till six or seven 
years after the trees have been graft- 
ed; and from this variety, and the 
Colmar, I have not obtained fruit till 
the grafts have been three years old. 
—_—— 
THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY 
SOCIETY. 
The following geological remarks on 
the rock of Gibraltar and the adjacent 
country, were lately read to this so- 
ciety by Mr. John Baird. 
The rock of Gibraltar is a huge insu- 
Jated mass of limestone,.surrounded on 
three sides by the sea, and on the 
fourth by a low sandy tract of land 
called the Neutral Ground, by which - 
it is connected with the continent of 
Spain. It is probable, I think, that 
this low neck of Jand, which in general 
rises 
