1822.] 
Three ploughings and harrow- 
ings, at 10s. ++-eee-eeees 110 0 
Seed wheat, two bushels per acreO0 18 0 
Harrowing the seed in++++**,. 0 2 0 
210 0 
Hence the cultivation of an acre of 
wheat by the spade, costs only 5s. more 
than by the plough. ‘The comparative ad- 
vantage of produce is,— 
By the spade, 682 bushels per 
ACre at BS.ccrecees-cceee D7 § O 
By the plough, 58 bushels per 
, acre at Gs.coccsccccceees 15 4 O 
The difference, or profit-»-- 12 4 0 
RUSSIA. 
The Emperor Alexander, from a de- 
sire that criminals, after suffering by 
exile in Siberia or otherwise, may ap- 
pear again in society, in the event of 
their acquiring, by repentance, that 
moral character and temper which are 
suited to it, has lately abolished, in 
perpetuity, the punishment of mark- 
ing with a brand, which it has always 
hitherto been the practice to inflict, 
in connexion with the knout. 
Lieutenants Wrangel and Anjou, of 
the Russian marine, appointed by go- 
vernment, in 1820, to make discove- 
ries in the north and north-east ex- 
tremities of Asia, proceeded, first, to 
Neukolymsk, in the north-east part of 
Siberia. Feb. 19th, 1821, (the cold 
being at from thirty-two to thirty-four 
of Reaumur,) they set out from Neuko- 
lymsk on sledges drawn by dogs, in 
‘quest of Cape Scheheladeh, which the 
English Captain Burney, in a work 
lately published, describes as an isth- 
mus which connects Asia with the 
American Continent. They made as- 
tronomical observations on the whole 
line of coast, and afterwards ranged 
along it by sea. Advancing, in an 
easterly direction, they were enabled, 
at length, to ascertain that there is no 
connecting isthmus in that region. 
They then returned to Neukolymsk, 
whence departing March 22d, they 
proceeded on another journey to the 
north, to discover the great continent 
supposed to be in that direction, but 
insurmountable obstacles prevented 
their advancing very far; and, after an 
absence of thirty-eight days, they re- 
turned to Neukolymsk. They have 
since, it is said, returned to the Baltic 
by the Sound. 
DENMARK. 
A voleanic eruption of the Jokkul, 
in Hekla, took place this winter in 
Iceland. ‘The following account is an 
Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 
165 
extract of a letter from M. Bryniulo 
Sivertsen, minister at Holt: 
‘The real crater is about five miles from 
my house at Holt. ‘The fire made its way 
suddenly by throwing otf the thick mass of 
ice which scarcely ever melts, and of 
which, one mass, eighteen feet high, and 
twenty fathoms in circumference, fell to- 
wards the north, and, therefore, fortu- 
nately not over the village. At the same 
time, a number of stones of different sizes 
slipped down the mountain, accompanied 
by a noise like thunder; no real earth- 
quake, however, was felt. After this, a 
prodigiously high column of flame rose 
from the crater, which illumined the 
whole country round so completely, that 
the people in the house at Holt could see 
as perfectly at night as in the day-time. 
At the same time much ashes, stones, gra- 
vel, and large half-melted pieces of the 
rock, were thrown about, some of which 
amounted to the weight of fifty pounds. 
In the following days, and until the new 
year commenced, a great quantity of fine 
powder of pumice fell in the surrounding 
country according to the direction of the 
wind, so that a thick bed of it covered the 
fields. It resembled the falling of snow, 
and penetrated through all openings into 
the houses, where it exhaled an unpleasant 
smell of sulphur. The eyes suffered ex- 
tremely by this dust. At Christmas, a 
violent storm from the south raged; it 
rained hard, which produced the good 
effect of blowing and washing away the 
ashes from the fields, so that they will do 
but little harm.” 
FRANCE, 
The French Academy have lately 
offered a premium for the best poem 
on the devotedness of the French phy- 
sicians at Barcelona. No fewer than 
127 bards have sent in their produc- 
tions for the competition. 
The Coquille corvette sailed from 
Toulon on the 11th inst. on a voyage 
from which results interesting to geo- 
graphy and physical science may be 
expected. She will first sail for the 
Cape of Good Hope, and will after- 
wards proceed to the great Archipe- 
lago of Asia, several parts of which 
she will explore. She will also visit 
the coast of New Holland; and, after 
putting into some of the islands of the 
Pacific Occan, she will return to 
France, by doubling Cape Horn. 
On the Ist of January last year 
France contained 1,070,500 boys from 
five to fifteen years of age, who attend- 
ed the primary schools in France; of 
which there were 27,528 schools under 
28,945 masters. About 500,000 girls 
also attended the public schools, 
The Paris Exhibition in 1822 con- 
tained 
