1822.] 
in its object. When a child cries or 
is unruly, they threaten him, or endea- 
vour to intimidate him; for instance, 
they say, if he is not pacified, the 
Turk will come and carry him away. 
As the children have seen their parents 
themselves tremble before the Turk, 
they of course Jook upon him as a 
most formidable object. The terror 
on these occasions is so great, that 
when a Turk has by chance landed on 
the island, the children are alarmed, 
and flee to conceal themselves. Be- 
sides a large school at Ximara, there 
are what are called half-boarding 
schools in the villages, where the chil- 
dren of the neighbouring hamlets 
attend, and bring with them every 
morning their food for the day. Here 
they read several religious books; as 
the Psalms of David, the Offices of the 
Virgin, the Holy Week, the Lives of 
the Saints, &c. These they read con- 
tinually, without ceasing, from the be- 
ginning to the end of the year; and, 
without comprehending them, learn 
them by heart. After several years 
thus passed, when these children are 
taken home, it frequently happens that 
they are not perfect in any rule of 
grammar, and unable to write a letter 
correctly, or go through the simplest 
rule in arithmetic. 
Notwithstanding the most profound 
ignorance reigns throughout the Archi- 
pelago, and even all through the 
Levant, the Greeks of Fanel, one of 
the quarters of Constantinople, are a 
striking exception. The dogmas of 
religion are not excluded in the edu- 
cation of these Greeks ; but they have 
excellent masters, who carefully in- 
struct them in ancient and modern 
Greek, rhetoric, history, geography, 
and the useful sciences in general ; so 
that men may frequently be found 
among them, who would do honour to 
the most enlightened countries, and 
even rival their celebrated ancestors. 
Relative to diet, it may be observed 
that eating mutton and beef is en- 
tirely confined to the great festivals ; 
but, as almost every villager breeds 
pigeons, a great quantity are killed in 
the course of the year. Fresh fish is 
also eaten; but these islanders have 
an astonishing aversion to salt or 
smoked fish. They make little use 
of their goat’s milk; less that of the 
sheep and cow’s milk. The bread, 
in almost all the islands of the Archi- 
pelago, is made of barley-meal, some- 
times mixed with wheat or rye: good 
Actual State of the Greek Islands, 
219 
white bread is only employed as: offer- 
ings at the altars, or to be found upon 
the tables of the nobles. In the course 
of aday such a quantity of pure water 
is drank, as would appear astonishing 
to a stranger, if it did not serve to 
promote a most abundant perspiration, 
indispensably necessary for health; 
and, notwithstanding the quantity and 
quality of the wines in the island, the 
inhabitants are never guilty of excess 
at meals. ‘The women scarcely drink 
at all, and any man passionately fond 
of wine is hated and despised ; so that 
only a few seamen and aged men 
dare to give themselves up to any 
thing like excess. The women, and 
the unmarried in particular, amuse 
themselves with chewing the mastic of 
Scio, as they say to preserve the white- 
ness of their teeth; but the consequent 
discharge of saliva often produces a 
lean habit, and sometimes terminates 
in consumption. 
Besides the red woollen cap, which © 
conceals the hair, the costume of these 
islanders differs very little from that of 
the others in the Archipelago. This red 
woollen eap is peculiar to the island of 
Tinos, and some Others, and originated 
in a privilege granted by the Turks, 
when these places surrendered ; hence 
no other Greeks dare appear before a 
Turk with this kind of night-cap. 
The merchants of Tinos who trade 
to Italy wear hats and neckcloths, in 
the European fashion; to which they 
sometimes add a kind of Turkish ri- 
ding habit, and a mantle called zubee, 
forming altogether a very ridiculous 
appearance, different from any nation 
or people. All the nobles wear the 
European habit, and in this they are 
imitated by many of the young men 
who have served as clerks at Constan- 
tinople, or at Smyrna. 
In the whole island of Tinos neither 
cottages nor cabins are to be seen; 
the houses are of stone, and tolerably 
well built, being composed of a ground- 
floor and an upper story. The first 
consists of two divisions: the one 
looking towards the street sometimes 
contains the pigs and the fowls ; this is 
called kiela. 'The second division, se- 
parated by a wall, is both a cellar and 
store-house, and contains the large 
earthen vessels in which grain, wine, 
and figs, are preserved. Those that 
contain wine are covered with a flat 
stone, which is said to prevent this, as 
well as grain or figs, from spoiling. 
In some of the old cellars, caves are 
found 
