Lowe on the State of England. 
Mr. Gray and his followers infer: that 
the quantity of subsistence in the world 
may be augmented in the same manner, 
and by the same means, as the quantity of 
our clothing, or the size of our dwellings; 
and, that an addition to our numbers 
MR. MALTHUs’S LEADING IDEAS. 
The increase of population has’a ten- 
dency to overstock, and to lessen the aver- 
age amount of employment to individuals. 
~The increasé of population has a natural 
pm gid to promote poverty. ° 
~The natural progress of population i is ac- 
cording to the geometrical ratio, 1, 2, 4, 8, 
16, as evinced in the case of the United 
States of America. 
Bia 
t is case, is somewhat different : 
ooMR, MALTHUS, 
! ‘niThe amount of subsistence regulates the 
amount of-population, 
5 Population has a natural tendency to in- 
crease faster than subsistence. 
, Our, animadyersions on these proposi- 
tions of Mr..Gray, relate less to the argu- 
ment than to the expression. _ That-subsis- 
tence, is augmented by labour and capital, 
in, the.same manner as manufactures. and 
‘buildings, is perfectly true; but, as in the 
case of four-fifths of mankind, food forms 
by fax the greatest. article of charge, we may 
excuse writers of .a less sanguine character 
for over-rating the difficulty of procuring it, 
rf POPULATION IN EUROPE. 
Inhabitants 
per ei Mile. 
East lands i 
o4 
West Flanders. 2. 420 
Holland (Province of ) 362 
Treland 237 
England; distinct from Wales 232 
Austrian Italy, viz. the Mi- 
Janese 2 "the Venetian 
' States 219 
The Netheflands, viz. “the j 
' Datch and’ Belgie Pro- 
/ -vinces, collectively 9. 214 
aS Qeupoog yynicho} 179 
France feox; vA) 5 150 
The Austrian Dominions & 112 
The Prussian Dominions 100 
Denmark) Quigg wing 4 73 
627 
implies no diminution a individual in- 
come or property. 
We extract -frony one of the works al- 
ready mentioned, (Gray versus Malthus) a 
summary of the leading ideas in the Oppo: 
site systems of ea em 
MR. GRAY’S LEADING IDFAS. 
The increase of population tends to in- 
crease the average amount of ‘employment 
to individuals. ¢ 
‘fhe itierease -of population ‘has’a ten- 
dency to’ increase wealth, not collectively 
only, but individually. 
We have no rule for estimating the na- 
tural progress of population; the United 
States are a solitary ease, no other country 
increasing in the ratio; and if an estimate 
is to be made, it would be more fair to take 
the average of a given number of countries. 
“So. far Mr. Gray’s ideas seem to require vey. little qualification ; with the following 
: MR. GRAY. 
. The amount of population regulates the 
amount of subsistence, in the same way as 
it regulates the supply of clothing and hou- 
sing; because, with the exception of occa- 
sional famines, the quantity of subsistence 
raised depends on the amount of labour 
bestowed on it. 
Population has a tendency to increase, 
but this increase carries in itself the power 
of supplying its wants. 
Poland 4. \<!; ao osha ites 60 
aM {hy Ge 58 
Trey in Europe (conjec- 
Pup ys | dosage 50 
dtenliadnngke Norway 
and Lapland .,-.. 25 
Russia in Enrope .. +. 23 
POPULATION OF CITIes IN ENGLAND AND 
FRANCE, in 182]. 
England and Scotland. 
London; Westminster, Southwark, and the 
adjoining parishes. .. ... 1,226,094 
Glasgow, withsuburbs . . 147,043 
Edinburgh, with Leith and their , 
suburbs .. .«,, 198,235 
Manchester, with Salford « «133,788 
Liverpool ... 2 chs ete be 972 
Birmingham, with Reo 106,722 
Bristoland suburbs... 87,779 
Leeds and suburbs... 83,796 
Plymouth, with Dock and. Hy it 
WPS coh) oath awe bielt 4ike coiDaewee 
Norwich... 50,288 
Newcastle on Tyne, with;Gates. " 
head .. + + x99 40,948 
Portsmouth, with Portsea, 45,648 
France, if 
Paris . é . 720,000 
Lyons 
