628 
Ly@nsei's\ (4 os day atl edd bieda 000 
Marseilles... ad 26 ei bybohO2,000 
Bordeaux; ss moiteene ct wis) 3092060 
Rouen), ij siomvevoiasra 86,000 
Nantesycepeuae 4 77,000 
Lille si, alse { : 60,000 
Strasburg, 4 4 
Tonlouse oie2i th freee i . 80,000 
Orleans, . » > 42;000 
Metz. . , 42,000 
BERS AND ENCREASE OF WEALTH. 
We proceed to put this doctrine to the 
test, by a reference to the returns of taxa- 
. tion, and other public burdens, in different 
countries of Europe, -These, we are aware, 
do not furnish an unexceptionable crite- 
rion of national wealth, as the proportion 
of public burdens may differ from circum- 
stances unconnected with the state of pro- 
ductive industry, such as the greater or less 
participation of ,a particular country in 
war, since the adoption of the funding sys- 
tem. They form, however, the least de- 
fective basis, the nearest approximation to 
the truth, in the present imperfect state of 
public surveys; for few countries have 
been the object of an assessment so directly 
calculated. to convey an estimate of na- 
tional wealth, as the property-tax of Eng- 
land, or the foncier of France. 
Public 
Population Burdens paid 
per square Mile. by each 
Individual. 
England, distinctfrom. - £ 8. d. 
Scotland and Wales 232 - 3 2 0 
England, Scotland,and 
Wales, collectively .-165 - 215 0 
The Netherlands Qe FIO SO 
France} .aveme: sywerldO'- ok 440 
The Austrian Empire . 112 - 012 4 
The. Prussian. Domi- 
nions . " 100 - 0138 4 
Denmark: ) i. sere 78) =) 0.16) 3 
Spain, ovif ood 58)-4).011.6 
Sweden 25 - 010-0 
Russia in Europe 23. - 0.9 9 
ALLEGED DANGERS: FROM INCREASED 
POPULATION... - 
To waive all speculation on this myste- 
rious point, and, to confine, ourselves -to 
that, which: is. of nearer interest, we shall 
briefly. give our reasons for the opimion that 
our, posterity, for many generations at 
least, are likely to increase. their numbers 
with less. difficulty than has been. expe- 
rienced by.us.or our-aneestors, 
1, Our fundamental doctrine, that in- 
crease of produce depends-Jess on. the ex- 
tent of newly cultivated soil than‘ on the 
number of hands.employed.on the. old, 
will be found proof against the severest an- 
Lowe on the State of England. 
alysis... It\is supported equally bythe ex- 
perience of thepresent-age, and the general 
evidence of;history:; iteonstitutes; besides, 
that: fair. proportion: between demand and 
supply; which :corresponds with the’ bene- 
volent ordinations of Providence; iy, + 
2. From: thesgreat diversity of soil and 
climate. in -the |eultivated! portion of: the 
globe, scarcity is never generab;) <iwhen 
famine was in. other lands, intheslandi of 
Egypt there was.bread.”. If this: apply to 
an age when civilizationextended over 
hardly ten degrees of latitude; how. much 
more does it hold at) present,» and) how! 
greatly do the advantages arising from im- 
provement perpetually im progress,inerease 
the power of mankind to: turm:to aecount 
the bounty of nature? Extended» commu- 
nication by water enables. even»distant 
countries to supply the deficiencies ofieach 
other; while in the. same teuritory,( imi- 
proved methods of preserving corn, addi- 
tional granaries, augmented’ capital, all 
concur to enable the inhabitants'tockeep 
over the surplus of one year. as @ provision 
for the possible failure of the next... : 
3. The labour employed in raising 
subsistence, becomes progressively more 
effectual, the source of a larger produce, 
as society advances. This is eyimced in 
two ways; one, the use of, improved im- 
plements, is obvious to the common:ob- 
server; the other, a decrease in the num- 
ber of agriculturists compared to: other 
classes, is a fact known only to the statis- 
tical inquirer. A population return in 
France, or almost any part of-the conti- 
nent, still exhibits a larger number of 
residents in country than in town, but 
many of the former are producers? of 
other articles than food: the flax; the 
hemp, the madder of their fields, the 
wool of their flocks, the timber-of their 
forests, the hides of their cattle,:are all 
constituents of supply or ingredients of 
consumption, quite distinet from subsis- 
tence. . A census of our ancestors, taken 
a century and a half,ago, would. have 
given, under the head: of agriculturists, 
above 50. persons in/100,:instead of 33 
of the present day. .. The majority of the 
population of. a country are ‘thus enabled 
to reside in towns-and: villages, and are 
rendered disposable for other purposes: 
the humbler orders employ themselvesiin 
furnishing clothing or lodging; a-higher 
class minister to the amusements, the 
edueation, or the luxury. of: thes rich; 
while the highest of, all are: exempt from 
the necessity, of following any oceupa- 
tion whatever. Confining our view to 
the topic at. present under discussion, 
how may we considey the aaj onity. of 
those 
