1822.] 
and silver stuffs, enriched with some 
hundreds of precious stones, as ru- 
bies, turquoises, amethysts, cornalines, 
agathes, &c., intermingled with coral 
and fine pearls. On the top of the bonnet 
were plumes, in the Turkish mode,and 
at the bottom, pearls and coral grains 
tressed together, and set off with gold 
and silver ornaments. Similar tresses 
New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. 
149 
fell down the shoulders and breast of 
the Sultana. She appeared to be about 
the age of thirty. 
The Doctor did not see her two com- 
panions, who were younger and more 
richly clad than herself. Russian and 
Persian stuffs and ornaments make up 
i: clothing and wardrobes of all the 
three. 
NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. 
+> 
To EDWARD COLEMAN, Professor of 
the Veterinary College, St. Pancras, 
. for anew and improved Form of Con- 
_ struction of Shoes for Horses. 
ORSES’ hoofs before they are 
shod are more or less circular, 
in proportion to the weight and action 
applied to the upper surface of the 
horny sole, and to the lower surface of 
the frog. In the largest horses, with 
the highest action, the hoofs are most 
circular, In all horses the cavity of 
the hoof is completely filled with sub- 
stances highly sensible. - The object of 
shoeing. is not only to preserve the va- 
rious parts of the foot from being injur- 
ed or destroyed by artificial roads, but 
to retain their natural form, structure; 
and functions. In this country it is 
found that the hoofs and frogs of our 
most valuable horses, used for active 
purposes, with small heads and necks, 
and light fore-quarters, with low ac- 
tion, and shod with common shoes, 
only become contracted, particu- 
arly at the heels. This very general 
disease proceeds principally from the 
horses frog being unnaturally raised 
from the ground, In ordinary shoeing 
a rim of iron is placed round the lower 
edge of the hoof, which elevates and 
keeps the frog about -halfan inch above 
its natural bearing: and as the priuci- 
pal use of the pe is to preserve the 
upper-quarters and heels of the hoof, 
expanded, and from its elasticity to act 
asaspring to the animal, it follows, 
that if the frog be so unnaturally raised 
above its former situation, it necessa- 
rily loses a considerable portion of its 
inary pressure, and the hoof, instead 
‘of retaining its circular form, becomes 
contracted at the quarters and heels, 
and elongated at the toe. The frog 
itself, from the want of pressure, also 
contracts. When the horse’s foot with- 
out shoes comes in contact with the 
ground, the horny sole descends and 
expands, and in the same degree. ne- 
cessarily expands the lower quarters 
and hoof,*but from the pressure of or- 
dinary shoes on the lower edge of the 
quarters and heels, of the crust in 
horses of light weight and low action, 
the expansion and elasticity of these 
parts are in a great degree prevented, 
and concussion, inflamation and lame- 
ness, often ensue. To preserve the frog - 
and hoof from contraction, and various 
other diseases, the improved shoe is 
constructed. That part of the shoe 
which is intended to be in contact with 
the crust, is about an inch and a half 
shorter than the common shoe, and has 
a clip at the toe to embrace the toe of 
the hoof. The shoe is made short to 
remove all pressure of the shoe from 
the lower quarters and heels of the 
crust, and thereby to admit the free de- 
scent and expansion of the sole, and 
the lower quarters and heels of the 
crust. The heels of the shoe are made 
suddenly thin, and bevelled on both 
sides to avoid the contact and pres- 
sure of the ground and hoof, which 
contact and pressure, if the heels were 
thick, would be liable to press and 
wear this part of the crust beyond its 
growth. A shoe, however, of this de- 
scription can only be used with advan- 
tage in certain horses with high heels, 
and only when the ground is. dry; 
when wet the horn will wear away 
faster than it grows, and the frog fre- 
quently will not leave adequate pres- 
sure. To prevent, therefore, the wear 
of the horn beyond its growth, and to 
give pressure to the frog, a longitudi- 
nal bar of iron, which I have named 
the frog bar, is firmly and permanently 
fixed, either hy welding, screwing, or 
rivetting to the centre of the shoe, and 
is generally made anteriorly as. thick 
as the substance of the shoe itself, and 
extends backwards as far as the end of 
the-heels of the frog. A frog-bar may 
be added to a long shoe in the same 
manner, but a ‘short shoe, for the rea- 
sons 
