250) 
but in thelr facility of talking and incapa- 
city for eramining. Let us march forward ; 
let us advance in the presence of those who 
exclaim against advancenient ; this is the only 
answer worthy of them and of us.” 
GERMANY. 
MM. Spix and Martius, who have 
lately returned from a voyage to the 
Brazils, are preparing a detailed ac- 
count of their observations, which will 
be published at the expense of the 
King of Bavaria, with charts, plans, 
&c. The plants which these naturalists 
have collected in Brazil and sent to 
Munich, form already a section of the 
rand Botanical Garden. The king 
1as been pleased to confer on both of 
them the decoration of the order of the 
Bavarian Crown. 
ITALY. 
M. Scamarella, a Venetian geome- 
trician, announces in the Gazette of 
Venice of 23d November, that he has 
solved the problem of the quadrature 
-of the circle, and that he is ready to 
demonstrate it incontrovertibly to all 
the mathematicians in the world. Ac- 
cording to M. Scamarella, the super- 
ficies of a circle is equal to the square of 
the proportional between the diameter 
of the circle and a line equal to three- 
fourths of the same diameter. It is 
also equal to the square of the circum- 
ference multiplied by half the radius, 
estimating their ratio as seven to 
‘twenty-one, and not as seven to twenty- 
two. 
SWITZERLAND. 
In spite of its detractors, and the 
hostile insinuations made against it, 
-the system of mutual instruction is 
constantly making fresh progress. In 
.the course of the last year, Lancasterian 
schools have been established in the 
‘towns of Carouge and Versoix, and in 
‘the communes of Lancy, Perly, Cer- 
toux, Menier, and Cholec. The govern- 
ment, ever ready to favour useful un- 
dertakings, has liberally supplied the 
wants of these new institutions, the 
henefit.of which it designs to extend 
successively to every part of the canton. 
Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. 
[April }, 
The extensive building recently erected 
in the court of the college of Geneva, 
is capable of holding from three to four 
hundred scholars. 
GREECE. 
The city of Agwadi or Kydoniais, 
destroyed by the Turks, in July, 1821, 
in consequence of an insurrection ex- 
cited by the Hydriot Flotilla, was found- 
ed only about fifty years ago, by a 
Greek ecclesiastic, named Johannes 
Oikonomos. It was then a poor village 
with four or five hundred inhabitants. 
Oikonomos, a protegée of the famous 
banker, Petraski, obtained a firman 
from the Porte, which appointed him 
waywole of the village, with a power 
to prohibit any Turk of distinction 
from residing there. He was allowed 
also to organize a municipal adminis- 
tration, with a proviso that the Porte 
should send a Cadi or Turkish Judge. 
Oikonomos introduced a number of 
Greeks from the Archipelago, and with 
order and good management, commerce 
and the arts flourished. The city con- 
tained nearly 30,000 inhabitants, not 
including many thousand strangers, 
domiciliated for a short period, and all 
Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, were not 
admitted. Within the city were 3000 
houses, built of stone. There was a 
college or school for 300 young persons, 
with twenty-four soap manufactories, 
thirty-six oil mills, and a number. of 
other trading establishments. |The 
people elected three Gerontes or sena- 
tors, nine Proesti, or principal citizens, 
and two Grammatikoi, or secretaries, 
who formed the Moinos, or municipal 
council. But the inhabitants growing 
rich, plunged into vice and extrava- 
gance, and were so basely ungrateful 
as to denounce to the Porte, the gener- 
ous Oikonomos, as acting the despot. 
That extraordinary character died in 
1791, of grief, or, as some say, of poi- 
son. Such was this little Greek re- 
public, flourishing and considerable, 
till ina premature attempt to be inde- 
pendent of the Porte, it was involved 
in complete destruction. 
REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, 
——<=_P—— 
LATE examination by Mr. FaRE£vy, of 
the north-western slope of the Snow- 
donian range of mountains in the vicinity of 
Bangor, enables us to state, that there is here 
none of that mantle-shape to the superficial 
strata, or lapping of the rocks round a pro- 
jJecting ceatral mass, which too sanguine 
theorists have assumed to be almost almost 
universal. The valuable strata of roofing- 
slate, for which Carnarvonshire has long been 
famous, have been the object of Mr. Farey’s 
particular research, whence it appears, that 
these rocks ‘constitute a series of at least a 
dozen thick rocks of slate properly so ions 
rom 
