40 
and best,) with a wire and small chain 
therefrom, passing over a pulley, and 
carrying a counter-weight, as) an 
index; whereby the height .of the 
water would at all times be indicated ; 
and which height should, in doubtful 
cases, be compared with the tide, ‘in 
order that the well. might never be 
drawn lower, or even so low as the 
surface of the sea. JoHN Farey, 
Howland-street. 
P.S. I beg to assure Mr. Cumberland 
Memoirs of General San Martin. 
[Aug. 1, 
(see p.8,) that the “ire,” the “ indigna- 
tion,” the “wrath,” &c. of which he 
speaks, have been strangers to my breast ; 
and, like the ‘* new Theory,” have been of 
his own vention: and further, that I take 
in perfect good part what le says in the 
page referred to, as affording proof, that he 
could not readily oppose either facts or 
arguments to what I have seriously, and I 
hope becomingly, advanced, in opposition 
to some geological. tenets of himself and a 
reverend Oxford prosessor. 
BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. 
<i 
NOTICE relative to GENERAL MARTIN ; 
containing also some. PARTICULARS 
respecting the NEW STATE Of PERU. 
Extracted partly from Official Papers, 
published by the Peruvian Government, 
and partly from a Biographical Account 
of General Martin, written in Spanish, by 
M, Ricardo Guali Juen, and translated 
from the Revue Encyelopedique, 
a YHE organization of the two Ame- 
rican continents appears to be 
rapidly advancing. ‘The United States 
exhibit the noble model of a sage and 
virtuous government,and the prosperity 
of the people bears a proportion com- 
mensurate to the liberty established 
by law. Ina few years more, Free- 
dom will have fixed her dwelling 
throughout the new world, from Cape 
Horn to Labrador; the savage and 
anti-social state will also give place 
to the unrestrained exercise of all the 
human faculties, and all will enjoy the 
benefits of civilization. The passage, 
however, from the monarchical state 
torepublican governments, has seldom 
been pacific; butis generally attended 
with civil wars. 
General Don José de San Martin is 
the legislator of Peru; and this sketch 
professes to trace the course of his 
military and political life. He was 
born in4778, at Yapegu, a hamlet of 
the Missions of Paraguay, of which 
province his father was governor. At 
the age of eight years he was conveyed 
to Europe by his family, and placed 
in the College of Nobles at Madrid. 
On the completion of his studies, he 
immediately deyoted himself to a mi- 
litary life, and was employed in all 
the campaigns .of the Spaniards 
against France, during the revolution. 
In 1808 he was aid-de-camp to the 
Marquis de Lasolana, when that ge- 
neral was assassinated by the populace 
at Cadiz. In features, the aid-de- 
camp bore a strong likeness to his 
chief; and this conformity exposed 
him to great hazards. He served 
afterwards under General Castanos, 
and distinguished himself in the affair 
of Baylen, so as to merit the eulo- 
giums of his general, and honourable 
mention in the official reports. He 
was afterwards attached, successively, 
with the grade of lieutenant-colonel, 
to the armies of Andalusia, of the 
Centre, of Estramadura, and of Por- 
tugal. At length the provinces of Rio 
de la Plata, following the example of 
the other Spanish colonies in Ame- 
rica, proclaimed their independence, 
and recalled all their citizens to the 
defence of the cause they had em- 
braced. 
On arriving in his country, M. San 
Martin, whose reputation had already 
preceded him, was directed by the 
government to raise a squadron of 
cavalry. In a very little time, the 
army of the Republic, then called the 
Argentine Republic, had a corps of 
grenadiers on horseback,. whose dis- 
cipline, manoeuvres, and military spi- 
rit, were generally admired. At the 
head of 150 men of this corps, San 
Martin totally defeated 500 men that 
the governor of Monte Video had dis- 
patched to the Upper Parana, to 
attack the new Republic in that re- 
mote province. This brilliant feat of 
arms procured San Martin the grade 
of colonel. 
The arms of the Republic were less 
fortunate in the battles of Vilcapujo 
and Agouma. San Martin was_ se- 
lected as the fittest instrument to 
retrieve these misfortunes, and check 
the progress of the Viceroy of Lima, 
whose army was greatly superior in 
number. These expectations were 
not disappointed; but the health of the 
new general was impaired by i 
nua 
