626 
Rubicon: witha single legion; iat’ Cor- 
finium: he took ‘thirty! colierts;) and) in 
three months drove Ponipey put of Italy. 
What sapidity! whatpromptitude! what 
Aoldness }\) Ceesar’s ‘principles were the 
same as.those of Alexander and Hanni- 
bal;:to keep his forces in junction; not 
to) be: vulnerable im any direction, to 
iadvance rapidly on important points, to 
calculate on moral means, the reputation 
of his arms, and the fear he inspired, and 
also on political means, for the preserya- 
tion of the fidelity of his allies, and the 
obedience of the: conquered nations, 
CAMPAIGNS OF NAPOLEON. 
Napoleon made fourteen campaigns; 
two in Italy, five in Germany, two ia 
Africa and Asia, two in Poland and 
Russia, one in Spain, and) two in 
France. 
dn the first’ campaign of Italy, in 
1796, he set out from Savona, crossed 
dhe mountains at the weak point, where 
the Alps end) and the Apennines begin, 
separated ithe Austrian army from that 
of Sardinia, took possession of Cherasco, 
a fortress ai the confluence of the Tanaro 
and Stura, twenty leagues from Savona, 
and established) his magazinos there, 
He compelled the King of Sardinia to 
surrender to / him the fortress of Tortona, 
situate twenty lcagues east of Cherasco, 
in ‘the direction of Milan; established 
himself there ; passed the Po at Placenza 
sejzed.on Pizzighettone, a fortress on 
the Adda, twenty-five leagues from Tor- 
tona; advanced on the Mincio; took 
possession ‘of Peschiera, thirty leazues 
from Pigzighettone, and on the line of 
the Adige; occupying the wall and forts 
of Verona on the Jeft bank, which se- 
cured him the three stone bridges of that 
eity,and Porto Legnano, which gave him 
another bridge over ihat river. - He re- 
mained) in ‘this: position until the taking 
of ‘Mantua, which he caused to be'be- 
sieged and invested, .. Between his eamp 
under ‘Verona °and'Chambery, his ‘first 
depét on thie frontier of France, he had 
four’ fortified places*in ‘echelon, which 
inclosed ‘his +hospitals°and ‘magazines,! 
and only ‘required jgarrisons amounting 
to 4000: anhen; convalescents ‘and ‘con- 
scripts were sufficient for this purpose: 
thus he had;) on this dine of a hundred: 
leagues; a place'of depot atievery four: 
mareohes,« After theo taking of Mantua, 
when he proceeded into the States of the 
Church; Petrava swag his place of depot 
on ithe Poy and Aneona, seven’or ¢izht 
marches farther on, his second place, at 
the foot of the Apennines, 
‘ 
Napoleon's Historysof France, 
odin the-campaign: of 1797;he, passed 
the Piaye and the Tagliamento, ying 
Palma-nuova and Osopo, situated) eight 
‘marches from Mantua. passed: the Ju- 
lian Alps, repaired the old fortifications 
of; Clagenfurth; five marches:from Oso- 
po, and took up a position on'theSim- 
mering. He was there eighty leagues 
from. Mantua ; but: he had, on thisiline 
of operations, three places im echelon 
and a point of appui at every five or six 
marches. rf : 
Tn 1798 he commenced his operations 
in the East by the taking of Alexandria, 
fortified that great city, and made it the 
centre of his magazines and organization. 
When he marched on Cairo; he caused 
a fort to be established at Rehmaniah, 
on the Nile, twenty leagues from Alex- 
andria, and had the eitadel and several 
forts‘at Cairo put in a state-of defence, 
He caused one to be erected. thirty 
Jeagues from that capital, at Salahia, at 
the entrance of the Desert, on’ the road 
to Gaza... The army, encamped at; this 
village, was fifteen days’: march from 
Alexandria ; it had three: | fortified 
points of apput on this line of opera- 
lions. ; : 
During the campaign of 1799, he 
crossed a space of eighty leagues inthe 
Desert, laid siege to Saint-Jean d’Aére, 
and pushed his corps of observation to 
Jordan, two hundred and fifty leagues 
from Alexandria, his grand depdt. || He 
had caused a fort to be builtat Quatich, 
in the Desert, twenty leagues from Sa- 
lahia; another at EJ-Arich, thirty leagues 
from Quatich; another at Gaza, thirty 
leagues from Salahia. On this line of 
operations fof two hundred and » fifty 
leagues, he had eight places sufficiently 
strong to resist the enemies he had to 
apprehend ; and, in: fact, in-ihese four 
campaigns he never had a ‘convoy:or a 
courier intercepted. «In 1796) a few 
stragglers were massacred in the vicinity 
of 'Tovtona ; in Egypt, a fewsdjermes 
-were stopped on the Nile, between 
Rosetta and Cairo; but this was imabe 
first commencement of operations. The 
dromedary regiments, which he had or- 
ganized jin Egypt; were so)\campletely. 
accustomed to: the: Desert, that they. 
always keptthe communications: open 
between €airo’ and Saint-Jean d Aere, 
as wellias in Upper and Lower Hgypt: 
With an army of 25,000 men; he) then 
occupied Egypt, Palestine, and/Galilee; 
which» was. a’ space of nearly, 30j000 
square leagues, inclosed in a triangle. 
It was three hundred leagues froin his 
head-, 
