Caryophyllaceæ. 335 



lar hairs with undulating walls and filled with sap. The 

 corolla- tube is about 2 cm in length. $ and ? occur, or at 

 any rate forms which approach much to $; their stamens 

 reach only to the upper part of the ovary; the anthers are 

 about 1^/2 — 2 mm long and well-developed, but the pollen 

 contained in them is evidently useless, shrunken, etc. A fly 

 was found in one flower. 



Germany. Sprengel figures it; gynodioecism; self-pollination 

 impossible. Ь > $. — The Alps. Gynodioecism, androdioecism (?; 

 Vaucher) ; butterfly-pollination with large flowers in plains and small 

 ones on mountains. ^ : corolla 50 — 60 mm in diameter, tube 20 — 25 mm. 

 Marked protandry with movements of stamens. Self-pollination im- 

 possible (Vaucher; H. M.). 



$: It does not appear, to be a constant feature for the $ flowers 

 to be smaller than the 5; H. Müller, however, records the diameter 

 as 3fi — 45 mm; they are many times rarer than ?. Rudiments of stamens 

 occur; useless pollen may be present. ^: Vaucher writes that "les 

 stigrmates souvent avortent". 



General remarks concerning the Biology of the Flower. 



The Form and Venation of the Petals. A single vein 

 enters the petal at its base, and immediately divides into 

 three branches (cf. the foliage-leaves), which may themselves 

 branch, becoming reticulate in large petals (Sileneæ); (Figs. 

 13, 21, 23). 



The Appendages of the throat (ligules). In the 

 Sileneæ they are in some cases solid, and in others hollow as 

 in the Borogineæ. 



The Growth of the Petals. The petals often groAv 

 during the expansion of the flowers, — this is at all events 

 frequently the case in the Alsineæ, — therefore, conclusions 

 with regard to the occurrence of large-flowered or small- 

 flowered types, should be formed with great caution. 



Secretion of Honey. Honey is secreted in all the 

 Caryophyllaceae ; in the Alsineæ it is from the gland-like, 



