Liliales. 355 



scape becomes rigid. The head or spike is stretched a httle 

 (Fig. 1 A). The perigone withers, but persists for a long time 

 round the carpels (Fig. 7 C). In T. palustris the capsule is 

 ovate, often a little brownish in colour and bent upwards 

 (as in T. calyculata) (Fig. 7 yl, C), whilst it in T. coccinea is 

 shorter, subglobose and bent downwards (Fig. 4 H). The 

 lowest fruits in the inflorescence bend right downwards 

 parallel with the scape, the uppermost obliquely downwards 

 or the top one only horizontally. This carpotropic movement 

 begins immediately and is continued during the ripening of 

 the fruit. 



The ripening of the fruit is very late. Even on Disko, 

 that lies far to the south of the Polar limit of the species, it 

 is very difficult, even after favourable summers to find ripe 

 fruits in the autumn, and if the unripe fruits are brought 

 home the ripening is not continued. Exceptionally I have, 

 however, found single, quite ripe fruits of T. palustris late in 

 the autumn; the dehiscing is septicidal, forming a slight open- 

 ing so that the seeds might be shaken out (Fig. 7 G). I have 

 had no chance of seeing T. coccinea late in autumn. The 

 majority of fruits in T. palustris, and probably also in the 

 other, do not thus attain to ripen their fruits before the snow 

 comes. Consequently the ripening must take place under 

 the snow. 1 have looked through a large material of hibern- 

 ated fruits of both species and only succeeded in finding a 

 single "normally" opened fruit. Instead, the very thin cap- 

 sule-walls had gone to pieces, and the seeds had got out 

 through the holes which had come into existence in that 

 way. Often the capsules may be quite "skeletonized" so that 

 only the backs of the carpels are left (Fig. 7 E). 



Sernander (,,Spridningsbiologi" pag. 354) has gathered 

 T. palustris with seeds in the capsules in spring at the time 

 when the snow was beginning to melt, and he therefore includes 



