INSECTA. 23 



that when the antennae of these butterflies are cut off, the 

 insects cannot fly with the same degree of accuracy. 

 When Limenitis was deprived of sight by covering the 

 eyes with Indian ink, it could fly; but when, in addition, 

 the antennas were cut off, it was wholly unable to direct its 

 course or find its food. When the stumps of the antennae 

 were touched with a solution of sugar, they received an 

 impression, and the proboscis unrolled. The intimate con- 

 nection between the antennae and brain is shown by Pack- 

 ard {loc. cit.), who found that many insects, notably the 

 honey-bee, were more or less paralyzed when the antennae 

 were taken away, their motions resembling those of a bird 

 from which the cerebral hemispheres have been removed. 

 The observations of Lubbock ^ tend to show that the 

 antennae of ants are organs of smell. 



The admirable experiments of Meyer - on the mosquito 

 {Culex) prove conclusively that the antennae of these 

 insects are organs of hearing. This author, shows that a 

 tympanic membrane is not necessary to receive aerial vibra- 

 tions ; for the delicate fibrillae or hairs on the antennas of 

 the male mosquito vibrate to the notes of the female, and 

 are "tuned to sounds extending through the middle and 

 next higher octave of the piano." 



The recent experiments of Plateau ^ on cockroaches tend 

 to prove that faint odors can only be perceived by means 

 of the antenna, and not by the palpi or cerci. 



The labrum, or upper lip (PL I., Figs. 3, 4, /a), is 

 attached to the clypeus (Fig. 4, cl), and can be turned 

 back with the pick. It is generally regarded as form- 

 ing with the clypeus a part of the first cephalic ring 



1 Ants, Bees, and Wasps, pp. 234, 235. 



2 Attn. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., Vol. XV., 1875. 



^ Compt. rend, de la Soc. Ento?n. de Belgique, 1886^ See 

 also The Cockroach, Mia,U ?ind Denny, pp. 223, 224, 



