214 



(Greenland, Norway, Sweden). In the buds, the styles are erect 

 or bent a little inwards, and the stigmas are slightly papillose. 

 When the corolla begins to open, the stigmas are seen to be 

 larger and more strongly papillose,' and the anthers, then, stand 

 closely around them (Fig. 32 ^) : they may at that time, still be 

 closed, but there are also cases where I saw them evidently 

 functional simultaneously with the stigmas. In 1886 (p. 8) 1 wrote: 

 "I have noted down, e. g. from Sermersut at Sukkertoppen (July 5) : 

 even in the still half-closed flower the antisepalous stamens are 

 open and the stigmas retain the pollen-grains." ^ The styles 

 afterwards become more spreading, and as the anthers remain 

 erect or even bend inwards over the middle of the flower, they 

 will easily be able to come into contact with the stigmas. As 

 a matter of fact, they are sometimes found in very close con- 

 tact with them. 



Self-pollination has been observed in Greenland (War- 

 шка), Norway (Lindman), Sweden (Lindmark). That it also causes 

 true fruit-setting is evident from the fact that it is a constant 

 rule for the inconspicuous and small flowers of these species 

 to set fruit in regular succession one after the other; usually 

 every flower on a plant sets fruit. This species, like S. cæs- 

 pitosa and S. oppositifolia , is among the earliest flowering 

 species; I found it fruiting on June 28th — 30th in West 



^ Ekstam can scarcely have read this with care, as he writes "nach 

 Warmings an Spiritusexemplaren gemachten Untersuchungen ist die 

 Pflanze schwach proterogyn oder homogam." As he also speaks else- 

 where of my observations as made upon alcohol-material, and evidently, 

 for that reason, considers them less reliable, I repeat what 1 wrote on 

 pp. 3 — 4 regarding the Ericineæ, namely that, as may also be seen from 

 my statement cited above, I have made numerous observations on living 

 material in Greenland and Norway, in many cases in the field, and 

 made sketches of the flowers after this material, and that the spirit- 

 material was only used for the verification of the forms, and as a basis 

 for the figures. It is true, in some cases, that it was spirit-material 

 alone which I had for examination, e. g. from Spitzbergen, but 1 am 

 not aware that Ekstam has ever proved that many biological facts may 

 not be observed on such material. 



