229 



Homogamyis the rule; perhaps slight protandry may occur, 

 as the anthers sometimes appear to open before the stigmas are 

 ripe. Self-pollination is no doubt inevitable and very common; 

 it takes place by the stamens being always somewhat bent in- 

 wards or erect (Fig. 39 A — C) ; and as the styles very soon 

 bend outwards the stigmas come into direct contact with the 

 anthers of the two outermost stamens. I have found so many 

 pollen-grains upon the stigmas (Fig. 39/)), that this must be due 

 to self-pollination. In Danish specimens of the principal form 

 the styles are not so decidedly bent outwards, and I never 

 observed the stigmas to be in 

 direct contact with the anthers; 

 also, this would be difficult, 

 owing to the length and posi- 

 tion of the different parts 

 (Fig. 40). 



Homogamy was observed, , _^. 



Fig. iO. Chrysoplenium altermfomim. 



in the principal form, in Flower in longitudinal section; the ovules 

 ^ J . . 1 , 1 . have been omitted. (E. W. ; 1886.) 



Scandmavia by Lindman, and ш 



Germany by H. Müller and Kndth. Near Kiel, Knulh found only 



homogamous flowers, and they were visited, for their honey, 



by many flies, which effect cross-pollination, but may also 



effect self-pollination; this latter may also be effected by other 



means. 



P r oto g yno us- homogamous flowers were found by 

 Ekstam in Nova Zembla. Protandro us- homogamous flowers 

 were also recorded from there by Ekstam. 



Fruit- s etting. Judging from the material at hand, fruit- 

 setting in V. tetrandrum appears to take place so invariably 

 that no doubt every flower sets fruit and bears quantities of 

 seed, which, on account of the prevailing circumstances, we 

 cannot doubt is due to self-pollination. Insect-visitors have not 

 been recorded. The carpels have brown dots. The fruit is 

 said to open before the seeds are entirely ripe. 



