PRESIDENTS ADDRESS—SECTION F. 121 
(2.) The difficulties of supplying other motives more adequate 
than self-interest in effecting conformity to the 
necessary social laws and virtues, and as a spur to 
industry and useful application of powers. 
(3.) The inequalities of different habitable portions of the 
earth as regards productiveness, climate, disease, 
density of population, and the difference of civilisation 
and racial characteristics. 
(4.) The periodic failure of food supply (famine), whether 
due to seasonal influence, exhaustion of soil, violence, 
wilful waste, or improvidence. 
(5.) Effectual means for elimination from society of the more 
pronounced forms of hereditary vice and madness, 
which, if allowed to persist, would endanger society. 
(6.) Absence of facilities for relieving the pressure of 
population in over-peopled lands by migration. 
(7.) Difficulties connected with free exchange of products 
between different nations whose artisans and labourers 
are living under different material and social con- 
ditions, ¢.g., slave labour and free labour. 
(8.) Difficulties in effecting adequate exchange of products 
with other nations where, as in England, local foods, 
products, and the raw materials for manufacture are 
locally far below the level of requirement of an ever- 
increasing population. 
(9.) The want and misery brought upon the handicapped 
and practically immobile breadwinner, whose special 
skill, acquired by slow training during many years, is 
no longer in demand, either from the sudden or gradual 
transfer of an industry to a foreign centre, or from the 
sudden or gradual adoption of a new mode of 
production rendering his special skill obsolete. 
(10.) Misery and want caused to particular divisions of 
labour by the arbitrary disturbance of the proper 
relative proportions of the community necessary to 
fulfil with satisfaction the mutual exchange of service 
and the necessary supply of the whole round of 
wants. 
(11.) Difficulties and dangers arising from local increase of 
population, especially when foreign, thinly-populated 
lands are forcibly closed to emigrants, as in the 
experience of the Chinese. 
(12.) The misery caused by war, strife, murder, accident, 
painful disease, and preventible forms of death. 
(13.) The terrible root dittculty connected with either (1) 
decrease, (2) stationariness, or (3) rapid increase of 
population. 
(14.) The absolute limits of space requisite for the reception 
and sustenance of man. 
