Section H. 
SANITARY SCIENCE AND HYGIENE. 
President of the Section: J. Ashburton Thompson, Esq., 
WOLD) 50 DRE 
1.—_SANITATION IN SCHOOLS. 
By F. A. Nyutasy, M.B., Cu.B. 
[ Abstract. | 
In the course of this paper the author indicated its great import- 
ance, especially with regard to the spread of infectious diseases, 
pointing out that no less than 74 State schools had to be closed 
last year in Victoria owing to the prevalence of these complaints ; 
33 being closed for diphtheria, 17 for hooping cough, 13 for 
typhoid, 6 for scarlatina, 4 for opthalmia, and 1 for croup. In 
addition to the ordinary measures of registration of affected pupils 
and their exclusion from school for definite periods, provision 
should also be made for their thorough disinfection by the aid of 
disinfecting chambers ; and the construction of sanatoria in 
connection with large boarding-schools was recommended as a 
further aid to prevention. The architecture of schools was 
made the subject of special reference, improved methods of venti- 
lation, lighting, and warming, and the better construction of 
seats and desks, being insisted upon. Defects in the ordinary 
methods of physical education were alluded to, and the annual 
medical inspection of all large schools by a competent Govern- 
ment officer was recommended. 
2.THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHOID FEVER. 
(With Chart). 
By James Jamieson, M.D., Lecturer on Medicine, Melbourne 
University ; Health Officer, City of Melbourne. 
In spite of the attention which has long been given to questions 
about the causation of typhoid, and the substantial additions 
recently made to our knowledge of the subject, problems of 
fundamental importance still remain unsettled. 
It must be assumed, I think, that typhoid belongs to the great 
class of diseases which owe their origin to minute organisms of 
bacterial nature. It has further been shown, with a large 
measure of probability at least, that the organism is a bacillus, 
capable of multiplying and forming spores, not only in the body, 
but on very varying media outside of it. So far, however, there 
