690 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION H. 
works, and in case of negligence they should be liable to prosecu- 
tion. In New York and other principal cities of the United 
States of America the plans of the plumbing have to be approved 
by an officer of the Board of Health, specially appointed for this 
purpose. It is thought, what with these checks on defective 
design and workmanship, the sanitary condition of dwellings 
would be much improved. 
8.—SCHOOL HYGIENE. 
By E. G. Lecer Erson, L.R.C.P. 
9.—HOUSEHOLD DRAINAGE: ITS PRINCIPLES. 
By A. M. Henperson, C.E. 
[ Adstract. | 
HovusrnoLp drainage, regulated in Victoria by local municipal 
officers, who are, as a rule, untrained in the work—result unsatis- 
factory. Open drains insisted on, but great carelessness as to 
quality of materials and permeability of the joints, which soon get 
saturated with grease, urine, and filth. Interceptors not allowed 
at junction of pipes and open drains, and hence fouling of the 
pipes and return of bad gases.. Unfortunate that architects, 
being in business competition, too often have to consider economy, 
and often ignorant work being cheaper triumphs. Suggest regu- 
lations compelling uniform work ; and as there will be underground 
system in Melbourne within the next five years, regulations and 
trained inspectors should be adopted now, and all new wastes and 
drains for houses made on sanitary principles and suitable for new 
system. New Health Act provides for registration of plumbers, 
but training in sanitary principles first necessary. 
Necessary to have good maintenance as well as good construc- 
tion. Maintenance of house drains entirely neglected here ; often 
clogged with years’ deposits. Cause of great part of typhoid. 
Waste waters of two classes—continuous and intermittent. 
Continuous include (a) bath and lavatory water, with no solid 
matter, and often used for irrigation ; (4) pantry, scullery, and 
laundry water, containing solid and greasy matter; (c) water 
from slop-sinks and urinals, with no solid matter ; (@) from water- 
closets, containing solid matter. 
Intermittent include (e) pure water from roofs and tank over- 
flows ; (f) fairly pure water from balconies, towers, flats, and 
