CONIFEEjE. 



8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



3 



Pinus Griffithii, Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 411 



(18G8). 



Larix Griffithiiy which is a tree from twenty to sixty feet in 

 height, with long gracefully pendulous branches and elongated 

 cones made conspicuous by long esserted deep orange-brown bracts, 

 is scattered over the inner mountain ranges of Bhotan, Sikkim, and 

 eastern N^epal at elevations of between eight and twelve thousand 

 feet above the sea-level, growing usually near the heads of valleys 

 on moraines, which it covers with scanty forests, and occasionally 

 on well-drained grassy slopes. (See Hooker f. Himalayan Jour- 

 nals^ new ed. i. 245; Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxv. 718, f . 157. — Gammie, 

 Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 1. No. 2, 11.) The wood, which is considered 

 more durable than that of the other Himalayan conifers, is exported 

 from Sikkim and Thibet. (See Gamble, Man. Indian TimherSf 410.) 



Introduced into England in 1848, the Himalayan Larch has 

 rarely flourished in cultivation, although occasionally a plant in 

 son>e exceptionally favorable situation in Europe shows the beauty 

 and interest of this tree as a garden ornament. (See Gard. Chron, 

 n. ser. xxvi. 464, f . 95. — Bull. Soc. Tosc, Ort. xvii. 312.) 



* Larix Larixj Karsten, Pharm.-med. Bot. 326, f. 157 (1882). 

 Pinus Larix, Linnseus, Spec. 1001 (1753). — Pallas, J^/. iJoss. 



i. 1 (in part), t. 1, f. A, B. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. PinheiroSj Larices 



e A betas, 22. — Ledebour, Fl. Moss. iii. 672. — Reichenbach, Icon. 



Fl. German, xi. 4, t. 532 (Larix Europcea on plate). — Christ, 



Verhand. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 546 ( UehersicJit der Europaisclien 



Ahietineen). — Parlatore, Fl. ItaL iv. 59 ; De CandoUe Prodr, 



xvi. pt. ii. 411. 

 Larix decidua. Miller, Diet. ed. 8, Ko. 1 (1768). — K.Koch, 



Dendr. ii, pt. ii. 258. 

 Larix caducifolia, Gilibert, Exercit. Phyt. ii. 413 (1792). 

 Pinus Iceta, Salisbury, Prodr. Z99 (1796). 

 Abies Larix, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 511 (1804) ; III. iii. 368, 



t. 785. — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 287, t. 79, f. 1. — ■ Richard, Comm. 



Bot. Conif. 65, t. 13. — Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 32, f. 

 Larix Europcea, De CandoUe, Lamarck Fl. Frang. ed. 3, iii. 277 



(1805). — Link, Linncea, xv. 634. — Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. s4v. 



3, iii. 241 (Conif eres (i'imZ/e). — Carri^re, Traite Conif. 276.— 



Eiscali, Deutsch. Forstcult. PJi. 36, t. 1, f. 21-28. — Gordon, 



L 



Pinetum, 124. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. sdr. 5, xx. 90. — Col- 

 meiro, Enum. PI. Hispano-Lusitana, iv. 709. — Herder, Act. Hort. 

 Petrop. xii. 102 (PL Radd.) ; Bot. Jahrh. xiv, 160 (Fl. Europ. 

 Russlands). — Hempel & Wilhelm, Baume und Straucherj i, 109, 

 f. 53-57, t. 3. 



Larix pyramidalis, Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 314 

 (1807). 



Larix Europcea commtmis, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man, 386 

 (1836). 



Larix Europcea laxa, Lawson & Son, L c. (1836). 



Larix Europcea compacta, Lawson & Son, I. c. (1836). 



Larix vulgaris, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 432 (1842). 



Pinus Larix, a communis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 134 (1847). 



Pinus Larix, 5 laxa, Endlicher, I. c. (1847). 



Pinus Larix, e compacta, Endlicher, I. c. (1847). 

 Pinus Larix, t] rubra, Endlicher, I. c. (1847). 



Pinus Larix, 9 rosea, Endlicher, I. c. 134 (1847). 



w 



Pinus Larix, i alba, Endlicher, I. c. 134 (1847). 



Larix decidua, a communis, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 

 130 (1865). — Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 100, t. 684, f . 3 ; Act. Hort. 

 Petrop. i. 156 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 98, t. 7, f. 1. 



Larix Europcea, a typica, Kegel, Russ. Dendr. pt. i. 28 (1870). 



Larix Europcea pendula, Kegel, I. c. (1870). 



Larix communis, var. 5 pendulina, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 101, 



t. 684, f. 5, 6 (1871) ; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 157 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 



99, t. 7, f. 5, 6. 



Larix Larix, the type of the genus, grows naturally only at high 

 elevations on the mountain ranges of central Europe from south- 

 eastern France to Servia and Hungary. In France, either alone 

 or mixed with mountain Pines, it often forms great forests, but in 

 Switzerland and on the Bavarian and Italian Alps it is less abun- 

 dant, and is usualty associated with the Spruce, frequently growing 

 to the upper zone inhabited by trees. The European Larch is from 

 eighty to one hundred or exceptionally one hundred and fifty feet 

 in height, with a tall trunk from three to four feet in diameter, 

 and small spreading often pendulous branches, and produces strong 

 heavy and very durable wood, which has been valued since the 

 time of the Romans, and is largely used for beams, piles, water- 

 pipes, posts, railway-ties, and shingles, in cabinet-making, and for 

 painters' palettes. (See Tour d'Aigues, Mem. Soc. Agric. Paris, 

 1787, 41. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 599.) 



During the last one hundred and fifty years the European Larch 

 has been largely planted as a timber-tree beyond the limits of its 

 natural home. In Scotland in particular great attention was given 

 to the cultivation of the Larch by the Dukes of Athol on their 

 estates of Athol and Dunkeld, and between 1738 and 1826 they 

 covered about eight thousand acres with pure forests of this tree. 

 (See Trans. Highland Soc. xi. 165. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2359.) 

 In European plantations the Larch has grown with great rapidity 

 while young, and, on the whole, these plantations have produced 

 satisfactory results if the trees have been cut when they were from 

 forty to sixty years of age. Removed from its native forests, how- 

 ever, the Larch produces wood which deteriorates before the tree 

 reaches maturity, and in recent years Larch plantations have suf- 

 fered seriously from disease and the attacks of insects. (For culture 



L 



of the Larch in Europe, see Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 279. — 

 R, Hartig, Forst. Culturpfi. DeutscU. 37, t. 3. ~ M'Corquodale, 

 Trans. Scottish ArboricuUural Soc. ii. 43. — Gorrie, Trans. Scottish 

 Arhoricultural Soc.y'm. 61. — Mathieu, FL Forestiere, ed. 3, 485.— 

 Michie, The Larch. — McGregor, Trans. Scottish ArboricuUural Soc. 

 ix. 234. — Lorentz, Culture des Bois, ed. 6, 159. — Mer, Rev. Eaux 

 et Forets, xxiv. Ill [Culture du Meleze dans les Vosges']. — Schlich, 

 Manual of Forestry, ii. 309. — J. B. Carruthers, Jour. R. Agric. 

 Soc. England, ii. pt. ii. [The Canker of the Larch']. — Somerville, 

 Trans. English ArboricuUural Soc. ii. 363.) 



The European Larch, brought to America probably early in the 

 present century, flourishes in the north Atlantic states, where it 

 grows rapidly to a large size and has proved one of the few Euro- 

 pean trees which can really be successfully grown in the New 

 World. It has been frequently planted here as an ornamental 

 tree, and occasionally, on a comparatively small scale, for the pro- 

 duction of timber. These plantations are still young and have 

 not yet shown the quality of the material which the European 

 Larch can produce in the United States. (See Sargent, Rep. Sec. 

 Board Agric. Mass. ser. 2, xxiii. 276. — Warder, Am. Jour. For- 

 estry, i. 11.) 



A form of the European Larch, with long pendulous branches 



(Larix Europcea pendula, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 387 [1836]. 



Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2351. — Larix decidua, e pendula, Kegel, Gar- 

 tenflora, XX. 102, t. 684, f. 11 [1871]), which is believed to have 

 originated in the Tyrol, is often planted as an ornament of parks ; 

 and nurserymen propagate other abnormal forms. (See Beissner, 

 Handb. Nadelh. 327.) 



5 Larix Sibirica, Ledebour, Fl Alt. iv. 204 (1833). — Link, L c. 

 535. — Carri^re, L c. 274. — Trautvetter, Middendorff Reise, i. pt. 

 ii. 170 (PL /en.). — Trautvetter & Meyer, Middendorff Reise, i. 



