4 



8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA, 



CONIFERJE. 



pt. ii. 88 {Fl. OchoL). — Kegel, Russ. Dendr. pt. i. 30. — Masters, 

 Jour, Linn. Soc. xviii. 523 {Conifers of /apan).— Herder, Act. 

 Hort. Petrop. xii. 101 (PL Radd.) ; Bot. Jahrh. xiv. 160 {Fl. Europ. 



Russlands) . 



Pinus Larh, Pallas, FL Ross. i. 1 (in part), t. 1, f. C (not Lin- 



neeus) (1784). 



Larix Archangelica, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 389 (1836). — 

 Trautvetter, Act. Hort, Petrop. ix. 211 {Incrementa Fl. Ross.). 



Larix Europcea, var. Sibirica, Loudon, Art. Brit, iv. 2352 



(1838). 



Larix intermedia, Turczaninow, Bull, Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 101 

 {Cat. PI Baical.) (not Lawson & Son) (1838). — K. Koch, 

 Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 260. 



Larix Ledebouriij Ruprecht, Fl. Samojed, Cisural. 56 (1845). — 

 Gordon, Pinetum^ 127. 



Pinus Ledebourii, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 131 (1847). — Lede- 

 houTj Fl. Ross. iii. 672. — Turczaninow, Fl, Baicalensi-Dahurica, 

 ii. 140. — Herder, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xli. 423. — Christ, Ver- 

 hand. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 546 (UebersicTit der Europatschen 

 Ahietineen). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr, xvi. pt. ii. 410. 



Larix Altaica, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacemy 84 (1866). — Traut- 

 vetter, I. c. 



Larix communis, var. $ Sibirica, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 101, t. 

 684, f. 1, 2 (1871) J Act. Hart. Petrop. i. 156 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 

 o\j, X. i, r. ^, o. 



Larix communis, y Rossica, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 101, t. 684, 

 f. 4 (1871) ; Act. Hort, Petrop. i, 157 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 99, t. 7, 

 f. 4. 



Larix Rossica, Trautvetter, I. c. 212 (1884), 

 Larix Sibirica, which many botanists have considered a geo- 

 graphical form of the Larch of central Europe, is a large pyramidal 

 tree, and forms great forests on the plains of northern Kussia and 

 western Siberia, ranging northward to the seventy-first degree of 

 latitude, and eastward to the Altai Mountains, on which it abounds 

 at elevations of from two thousand five hundred to five thousand 

 five hundred feet above the sea-level. The character of the wood 

 is very similar to that of Larix Larix and is used for similar 

 purposes. 



^ Larix DaJiurica, Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 101 

 (Cat. PL Baical.) (1838). — Kegel & Tilling, Fl. Ajan. 119.— 

 Carriere, Traite Conif. 271. — Gordon, Pinetum, 123 (excl. syn.). — 

 Trautvetter & Meyer, Middendorff Reise, i. pt. ii. 88 {Fl. Ockot). — 



r 



Maximowicz, Bull. Pliys. Math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, xv. 436 

 {Bdume und Strducher des Amurlands); Mem. Sav. &r. Acad. Sci. 

 St. Petersbourg, is. 262 {Prim, Fl, Amur.) ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 

 liv. 58. — F. Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, s4t. 7, xii. 

 63 {Reisen in Amurlande), 177 {FL Saclialinensis) . — K. Koch, 

 L c. — Glehn, Act. Hort Petrop. iv. 86 {Verz. Witim-OleJcma- 

 Lande).- — 'Masters,^, c. 522. — Kegel, i?wss. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. i. 

 53, f. 13, b. h.— Beissner, Handh. Nadelh. 328, f. 90. — Herder, 

 Act. Hort. Petrop. xii. 98 {PL Radd.). — Korshinsky, Act. Hort. 

 Petrop. xii. 424 {PL Amur.). 



Pinus Larix {Americanos), Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. 2, t. 1, f. E. 

 (1784). 



Larix Europcea, var. Dahurica, Loudon, I. c. (1838). 



Pinus Dahurica, Trautvetter, Imag. PL Fl. Russ. 48, t. 32 

 (1844). — Ledebour, FL Ross. iii. 673. — Endlicher, I. c. 128. -— 

 Turczaninow, l. c. — • Parlatore, l. c, 



Larix Europcea^ Middendorff, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci, SL 

 Petersbourg, iii. 255 (not De Candolle) (1845). 



Abies Gmelini, Kuprecht, l. c. (1845). 



Pinus Kamtschatika, Endlicher, I. c. 135 (1847). j 



Larix Kamtschatika, Carrifere, I. c. 279 (1855). — Gordon, Pine- 

 tum, Suppl. 39. — Parlatore, I. c. 431. 



Larix Dahurica, a typica, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 105, t. 684, 

 f. 8, 9 (1871) ; Act Hort Petrop. i. 160 ; Beige Hort xxii. 104, t. 

 9, f . 5-6. 



Larix Dahurica, 0prostrata, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 105, t. 684, 

 f. 9-10 (1871) ; Act Hort Petrop. i. 160; Beige Hort xxii. 104. 

 Larix Dahurica, which is described as a small tree, becoming 

 shrubby and semiprostrate in the extreme north, is generally dis- 

 tributed through eastern Siberia, Kamtsehatka, Manchuria, north- 

 ern China, and Saghalin, and in one form reaches the extreme 

 northern part of Tezo, and the Kurile Islands. This form is 

 Larix Dahurica, var. Kurilensis. 



Larix Dahurica, var. y Japonica, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx, 106, t. 

 685, f. 6 (not Larix Japonica, Carri^re) (1871) ; Act. Hort. Pe- 

 trop. i. 160 ; Beige Hort, xxii. 105, t, 10, f. 1. — Beissner, I. c, 

 329, f. 91. — Miyabe, Mem. Bast Soc. Nat Hist iv. 261 {Fl, 

 Kurile Islands). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 84, t. 26. 



Larix Kurilensis, Mayr, Monog. Ahiet Jap. QQ, t. 5, f. 15 

 (1890). 



^ Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arhres, 72. 

 5 The turpentine of the Larch, usually known in commerce as 

 Venice turpentine, because it was formerly exported from Venice, 

 is a thick pale yellow honey-like fluid with a bitter aromatic flavor. 

 It is collected from Larix Larix, chiefly in the Tyrol, by boring in 

 early spring, nearly to the centre of the trunk, a hole about an inch 

 in diameter and a foot above the ground, and firmly closing the 

 hole with a wooden stopper, which is taken out in the autumn, 

 when the turpentine which has collected in the hole is removed 

 with an iron spoon. The hole is then closed again, and the same 

 process is repeated in the following autumn. A hole, which yields 

 about half a pound of turpentine annually, continues to be produc- 

 tive for many years, and, if it is kept carefully closed, does not injure 

 the growth of the tree. Under the more wasteful methods which 

 were long practiced on the Italian and French Alps a much larger 

 annual yield was obtained for a short time from a number of larger 

 holes made in the same tree ; this method, however, soon ceased to 

 be productive, and if the holes were left open in order that the tur- 

 pentine might flow continuously through wooden pipes into small 

 pails, the value of the wood was soon impaired. 



Venice turpentine, once considered a sovereign remedy for many 

 human diseases, is now rarely used except in veterinary practice, 

 and the article sold under that name is usually a mixture of com- 

 mon resin and oil of turpentine. (See Mattioli, Opera \_Apolo~ 

 gia, 146]. — Woodville, Med. Bot iii. 576, t. 210.— Loudon, L c. 

 2366. — Guibourt, Jour, de Pharm. xxv. 500 ; Hist Drog, ed. 7, ii. 

 251.— Mohl, Bot Zeit xvii. 329. — FlUekiger & Hanbury, PAar- 

 macographia, 549, — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PL iv. 260, t.260.— 

 U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1489.) 



* A large part of the tar used in Europe is made in Scandinavia 

 and northern Russia by burning the roots and lower parts of the 

 trunks of Pinus sylvestris and Larix Sibirica. (See Fluckiger & 

 Hanbury, L c. 560.) 



1** The bark of Larix contains from twelve to fifteen per cent, of 

 tannic acid, and extracts of that of the European and eastern North 

 American species are used in considerable quantities in tanning 

 leather. The inner bark of the European Larch, chiefly in the 

 form of a tincture, is used in medicine as a stimulating astringent 

 and expectorant. (See Fluckiger & Hanbury, Z. c. 551. — U. S. 

 Dispens. ed. 16, 870.) 



11 BrianQon manna is a white saccharine substance which is found 

 often in considerable quantities on the leaves of the European Larch 



