22 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



CONIFERS. 



obovatay of which it is, perhaps, only an extreme form. A large 

 number of seedlings have been raised in the Arnold Arboretum, 

 but they are still too young to show whether this tree is likely to 

 flourish in the eastern United States. 



8 Picea SmitUana, Boissier, Fl. Orient v. 700 (1884). 



Pinus SmitUana, Wallich, PI. Asiat. Rar. iii. 24, t. 246 

 (1832). — D. Don, Lambert Pinus, iii. t. — Antoine, Conif. 95, t. 

 36 big. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 416. 



Abies Smiihiana, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 31, f. (1833). — Lou- 

 don, Arb. Brit. iv. 2317, f. 2229. ~ Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 103, 

 t. 36. — Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv. 

 230 ; vii. pt. iv. 87. — Gordon, Pinetum, 12. — Cleghorn, Jour. 

 Agric, and Hort. Soc. Ind. xiv. pt. ii. 266, t. 5 (Pines of the North- 

 west Bimalayas'). — Herder, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xli. 423. — K. 

 Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 232. 



Abies spinulosa, Griffith, Itin. i. 145 (1848); Icon. PI. Asiat. 

 t. 363. 



Pinus Khutrow, Royle, III. 353, t. 84, f. 1 (1839). —Antoine, 

 I. c. 94, t. 36, f . 2. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 122. 



Picea Morinda, Link, Linncea, xv. 522 (1841). — Carri^re, 

 Traite Conif. ed. 2, 340. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 653.— 

 Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 373. 



Abies Khutrow, Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 1032, f. 1951 (1842). — 

 Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 21. 



Picea Khutrow, Carrifere, Traite Conif. 258 (1855). — Ber- 

 trand, Ann. Sci. Nat. s6v. 5, xx. 85. 



Abies Morinda, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 49 (1866). 

 Picea Smithiana is a tree from one hundred to one hundred and 

 twenty or occasionally one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a 

 trunk often four or five and occasionally seven feet in diameter, 

 pale scaly bark, wide-spreading branches, long pendulous branchlets, 

 slender four-sided pale green leaves, and cylindrical obtuse cones 

 from four to six inches in length, with thin broadly obovate, rounded 

 usually entire scales cuneate at the base. The Himalayan Spruce is 

 generally found on northern and western slopes between elevations 

 of six thousand and eleven thousand feet above the sea-level, grow- 

 ing rarely in pure forests, but most commonly mixed with deciduous- 

 leaved trees and with Cedrus Deodara^ Pinus Nepalensis, and Abies 

 Webbiana • it is distributed from Afghanistan to Sikkim and Bho- 

 tan, where it is found only in the valleys at elevations of from 

 seven thousand eight hundred to ten thousand feet. 



The wood of Picea Smithiana, which is not durable, is used for 

 packing-cases and the interior finish of buildings, and occasionally 

 for shingles (Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers^ 407). The bark is 

 employed for the roofs of huts and water-troughs, and the branches 

 for fodder and manure. In northwestern India the young cones 

 are used in medicine. (See Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 525.) 



Picea Smithiana vf^^ introduced into Scotland in 1818, and has 

 proved a hardy, fast-growing, and desirable ornamental tree in the 

 countries of temperate Europe, (See Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser, 

 xxiv. 393, f . 85. — Webster, Trans. Scottish Arboricultural Soc. xi. 

 57. — Dunn, Jour. E. Hort. Soc, xiv. 85.) 



In the middle Atlantic states, where the largest plants are still 

 small (see Garden and Forest,\i. 458), and in California, the Hima- 

 layan Spruce has proved hardy, but it has not succeeded in New 

 England. 



9 Picea orientalis, Carrifere, I. c. 244 (1855). — Tchihatcheff, Asie 

 Mineure, ii. 495 (excl. hab. northern Russia, Siberia, and the Ku- 

 rile Islands). — Boissier, /. c. — Masters, I. c. xxv. 333, f. 62; ser. 

 3, iii. 754, f. 101. — Beissner, I. c. 374, f. 100. 



Pinus orientalis, Linn^us, Spec. ed. 2, 1421 (1763). — Lambert, 



Pinus, i. 45, t. 29, t a. — MarschaU von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.- 



Cauc. ii. 409. — Steven, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 48 ; Ann. Sci. 

 Nat. sdr. 2, xi. 57. — Antoine, I. c. 89, t. 35, f. 1. — Endlicher, 

 I. c. 116. — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 671 (in part). — K. Koch, 

 Linnma, xxii. 296. — Turezaninow, Fl. Baicalemi-Dahurica, ii. 

 139. — Christ, Verhand. Nat. Gesell Basel, iii. 546 (l/ebersicht 

 der Europdischen Abietineen). — Parlatore, I. c. 414. 



Abies orientalis, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 518 (1804). Lind- 

 ley, I. e. — Jaubert & Spach, PL Orient, i. 30, t. 14. — K. Koch, 

 Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 239. 



Pinus obovata, Turezaninow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 101 (Cat. 

 PL Baical.) (1838). 



A tree, frequently one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a 

 trunk often four feet in diameter, Picea orientalis forms extensive 

 forests up to elevations of six or seven tbousand feet above the sea. 

 It is distinguished by its narrow pyramidal crown of slender limbs, 

 which sweep upward in graceful curves and are clothed with short 

 rigid lateral branches, by its short dark green and lustrous tetrar 

 gonal leaves closely pressed against the pubescent branchlets, which 

 therefore appear unusually slender, and by its narrow cylindrical 

 acute cones from two to three inches in length, with broad rounded 

 scales thin and entire on the margins. 



Picea orientalis was introduced into the gardens of western Europe 

 in 1825, and for at least fifty years it has inhabited those of the 

 eastern United States, where it has proved itself perfectly hardy 

 as far north as eastern Massachusetts and one of the most beautiful 

 and desirable of all the exotic conifers which have been well tested 



r 



here, 



A dwarf form and one with yellow leaves are occasionally culti- 

 vated in European collections (Beissner, I. c. 376). 



^*^ Picea Omoriha, Bolle, Monats. Befdrd. Gartenb. Preuss. StatL 

 1877, 124, 158 {Die Omorica-Fichte) (1877). — Purkyne, Osterr. 

 Monats. Forstw. 1877, 446. — A. Braun, Sitz. Bot. Ver. Prov. Bran- 

 denburg, 1877, 45. — Reichenbach f . Bot. Zeit. xxxv. 118. — Will- 

 komm, Cent. Gesell. ForsU 1877, 365 {Bin neuer Nadelkolzbaum 

 Europas); Forst. FL ed. 2, 99; Wien IlL Gart.-Zeit 1885,494.— 

 Carri^re, Rev. Hort. 1877, 259. — P. Ascherson & A. Kanetz, Cat. 

 7. — Boissier, L c. 701. — Masters, I. c. vii. 470, 620 ; xxi. 308, 

 f. 56, 58; Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. 203, t. 8; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 

 223. — Bornmiiller, Osterr. Bot. ZeiL xxxvii. 398. — P. Ascherson, 

 Osterr. Bot. Zeit. xxxviil. 34. — Stein, Gartenflora, xxxvi. 13, t. 4, 

 5. — Wettstein, Sitz. Math.-nat. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xcix. pt. i. 503, 

 1. 1-5. — Beissner, I. c. 382, f . 109. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 20, 

 f. 8, N. — Hempel & Wilhelra, Baume und Straucher, i. 82, f. 

 41, 42. 



Pinus Omorika, Pancic, Eine neue Conifere in den Ostlichen 

 Alpen, 4 (1876). 



Abies Omorika, Nyman, Conspect. FL Europ. 673 (1881); Suppl. 



ii. 283. 



Picea Omorika, which forms great forests and is probably gen- 

 erally distributed at high elevations over all the region between 

 the Adriatic and the Black Sea, is described as a lofty tree with 

 short branches which form a narrow crown, red-brown bark sepa- 

 rating freely in large thin scales, usually flat obtuse or acute leaves, 

 dark green and lustrous below, and silvery white above from the 

 numerous bands of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, 

 and oblong-oval cones at first horizontal and finally pendent, about 

 two inches in length, violet-colored while young and ultimately red- 

 dish brown and lustrous, with thin rounded striate scales slightly 

 and irregularly denticulate on the margins. 



Although one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees of 

 Europe, and particularly interesting in its relationship to a species 

 of the coast of northeastern Asia and to the two species peculiar 



