28 



8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 



CONIFERJE. 



PICEA MARIANA. 



Black Spruce. 



Cones ovate, incurved at the base, persistent, their scales rounded, erose, or 

 dentate. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves short, blue-green. 



Picea Mariana, Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg, Cat. FL 

 N. Y, 71 (1888). —J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, x. 

 62. 



Abies Mariana, Miller, DigU ed. 8, No. 5 (1768). 



Muenchbausen, Hausv, v. 224. — Wangenheim, Nordam. 

 Holz. 75. — K. Koch, Dendr* ii. pt. ii. 240. — Lauche, 

 Deutsche Dendr, ed. 2, 92. 

 Pinus Mariana, Du Roi, Ohs, Bot, 38 (1771) ; Sarhh, 



Agric. Man. 367. — Spach, Hist. Veg, xi. 410 (in part). 

 Emerson, Trees Mass. 81 ; ed. 2, i. 96. — Knight, Syn, 

 Conif. 36. — LIndley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. 

 V. 211. — Gordon, Finetum, 11. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. 

 ed. 3, 292. — Henkel & Hochstetter, S^n. Nadelh. 191. 

 (Nelson) Senilis, Finacece, 50. 

 169. — Veitch, Man. Conif, 74. 

 Norveg. i. 431. 



Hoopes, Evergreens, 

 Schtibeler, Virid. 



Baumz. ii. 127. — Moench, Baume Weiss. 74. — Burgs- Abies denticulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 206 (1803). 



WiUde- 



dorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 169. — Ebrhart, Beitr. iii. 23. 

 Pinus -Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arhust. Am. 103 



(1785). 

 Pinus nigra, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 370 (1789). — 



now, Berl. Baitmz. 220 ; S;peG. iv. pt. i. 506 ; Enum, 

 990. — '^ov\shviViSQn, Handh. Forsthot. i. 406. — Lambert, 

 Finns, i, 41, t. 27. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 579. — Bigelow, 

 Fl. Boston. 234. — Pursh, Fl Am. Sept. ii. 640. — - Nut- 

 tall, Gen. ii. 223. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 111. — Sprengel, 

 Syst. iii. 885. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Finheiros, Larices e 

 Abetos, 33. — Torrey, Fl. iV. T. ii. 230 (in part), 

 Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163. — Antoine, Conif. 88, t. 

 34, f. 3. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 115. — Lawson & Son, 

 Dist No. 10, Ahietinece, 16. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 395. 

 Courtin, Fam. Conif. 61. — Parlatore, De Candolle Frodr, 

 xvi. pt. ii. 413. 



Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 524. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. 

 Finheiros, Larices e Abetos, 36. 

 Picea nigra, Link, Handb. ii. 478 (1831) ; Linncea, xv. 

 520. — Carri^re, Traits Conif 241. — Brunet, Hist. Picea, 

 10, t. — S^n^clauze, Conif 32. — Kegel, Fuss. Dendr. 

 pt, i. 18. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. s4r. 5, xx. 85. 

 Peck, Trans. Albany Inst. viii. 283 (in part). — Engel- 

 mann, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xi. 334 (excl. var. rubra). 

 Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. l^th Census U. S. ix. 202 

 (in part). — Willkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 96. — Watson & 

 Coulter, Gray^s Man. ed. 6, 491. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 

 218. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 332, f . 93, 94. —Masters, 

 Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 222 (in part).^ — Hansen, Jour. 

 R, Hort. Soc. xiv. 430 {Pinetum Danicum). — Koebne, 

 Deutsche Dendr. 23, f . 8, L. — Rothrock, Fej). Dept. 

 Agric. Penn. 1895, pt. ii. Div. Forestry, 282. 



Pinus Canadensis, p nigra, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Picea nigra, a squamea, Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 



Uniti, 'ii.ZlB (1790). 



557 (1862). 



Pinus Americana, Gsertner, i^Vwcif. ii. 60, t. 91 (not Du Rol) Picea rubra, Britton, jBwZ^. Torrey Bot. Club, :s.xi. 27 (not 



(1791). 

 Abies nigra, Du Roi, HarbJc. Baumz. ed. 2, ii. 182 (1800). 



Dietrich) (1894). — Britton & Brown, III. Fl.i. 55 (m 

 part), f. 123. 



Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 520. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. Picea brevifolia, var. semiprostrata, Peck, Spruces of the 



ii. 580. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 475. 



Adirondacks, 12 (1897). 



Michaux f. ffis^. ^r&. Am. i. 123 (in part). — Nouveau Picea brevifolia, Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks, 13 



Duhamel, v. 292, t. 81, f . 1. — Jaume Saint-Hilaire, Trait6 

 des Arbres Forestiers, t. 74, f. 1-4. — Lindley, Fenny 

 Cycl. i. 32. — Rafinesque, New Fl. i. 39. — Lawson & Son, 



(1897). 

 122 a. 



Britton & Brown, III. Fl. iii. Appx. 496, f. 



A tree, usually twenty or thirty and occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk from 

 six to twelve inches and occasionally three feet in diameter, often small and stunted, frequently cone- 

 bearing when only two or three feet high,^ and at the extreme north reduced to a low semiprostrate 



1 In northern Minnesota, on the borders of small forest lakes or 

 muskeags, which are being gradually covered by sedges and sphag- 

 num, the Black Spruce is able to exist without mineral soil, and to 

 grow slowly to a great age on beds of floating plants. Such trees 



often produce cones when only two or three feet high; and as 

 their energies appear to be entirely devoted to bearing seeds, the 

 fertile branches become the only vigorous ones. " These are 

 densely crowded near the top of the tree, while the trunk below is 



