CONIFERS. 



8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 



37 



PIOEA CANADENSIS 



White Spruce. 



F 



Cones oblong-cylindrical, slender, their scales rounded, entire. Branchlets glabrous 

 Leaves blue-green, strong-smelling. 



Picea Canadensis, Brltton, Sterns & Poggenburg, Cat, PL 

 N, Y, 71 (1888).— Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric, U. S. 

 1892, 329. — Britton & Brown, III M. I 54, f. 121. 



Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). 



Pinus Abies laxa, Muenchhausen, Mausv. v, 225 (1770), 



Pinus Canadensis, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 38 (not Linnaeus) 



2. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 188. — (Nel- 

 son) Senilis, Pinacece, 47. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 471. 

 A. Murray, Jour. Bot. v. t. 69, f . 2-7. — Hoopes, Ever- 

 greens, 157, f. 20. — NOrdlinger, Forsthot, 442, f. 

 Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 93. — Schtibeler, Virid. 

 Norveg. i. 427. 



(1771); Sarhk. Baumz. ii. 124. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. Abies curvifolia, Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 314 



pt. ii. 168. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 5, t. 1, f. 2. 



Pinus laxa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 24 (1788). 



Pinus alba, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 371 (1789). — Willde- 

 now, Berl. Baumz. 221 ; Spec. Iv. pt. i. 507. — Borkhau- 

 sen, Handh. Forsthot i. 402. — Lambert, Pinus, i. 39, t. 

 26. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 579. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med, 

 iv. 425. — Pursh, FL Am. Sept. ii. 641. — Nuttall, Gen, 

 ii. 223. — Hayne, Dendr. FL 177. — Guimpel, Otto & 

 Hayne, Ahhild. Holz. 156, t. 131. — Sprengel, Syst, iii. 

 885. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinkeiros, Larices e Abetos, 

 34.- 



(1807). 

 Abies rubra, Jaume St. Hilaire, TraitS des Arbres For- 



Hooker, FL Bor.-Am, 



estiers, t. 73, f. 7-10 (not Poiret) (1824). 



Picea alba, Link, Handh. ii. 478 (1831) ; Linncea, sv. 

 519. — Carribre, Traite Conif. 238. — Van Houtte, Ft. 

 des Serres, xxl. 157, t. 2251. — 'BTunet, Hist. Picea, 4,, 

 t. — S^ndclauze, Conif. 22. — Kegel, Buss. Dendr. pt. i. 

 19. — Engelmann, Ga/rd, Chron. n. ser. xi. 334. — Ber- 

 trand, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r, 5, xx. 85. — Sargent, Forest 

 Trees N Am. 10th Census Z7. S. ix. 204. — Willkomm, 

 Forst. Fl. ed, 2, 97. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. 

 ed. 6, 492. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 219, f. 6. — Beiss- 

 ner, Handh. Nadelh. 340, f . 96. — Masters, ifour. R, 

 Hort. Soc. xiv. 220. — Hansen, tfour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 

 421 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 

 23, f . 8, J. K. Q. — Fox, Rep. Forest Comm. N. T. 1894, 

 126, t. 



Picea nigra, var. glauca, Carri^re, Traite Conif. 242 

 (1855). 



r 



Abies Americana, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. iii. Pinus rubra, var. arctica, Lawson & Son, List No. 10^ 



— Meyer, PL Labrador. 30. 

 ii. 163.- 



— Torrey, FL N. Y. ii. 231. — Bigelow, FL 



Boston, ed. 3, 386. — Antoine, Conif 86, t. 34, f . 1. 



Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 112. — Lawson & Son, List No. 10, 



Abietinece, 15. — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 60. — Parlatore, 



De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 414. 



Pinus Americana, a alba, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati 

 Uniti, ii. 314 (1790). 



Pinus tetragona, Moench, Meth. 364 (1794). 



775 (not Miller) (1802). 



Abietinece, 19 (1851). — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 64. 



Abies alba, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. ii. 207 (not Miller) Pinus rubra, var. arctica longifolia, Lawson & Son, List 



(1803). — Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 521. — Desfontaines, 



No. 10, Abietinece, 19 (1851). 



Hist. Arb. ii. 580. — Michaux, f. Hist. Arh. Am. i. 133, t. Pinus rubra, var. ccerulea, Lawson & Son, List No. 10, 



12, — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 291, t. 81, f . 2. — Rafinesque, 



Abietinece, 19 (1851). — Courtin, Fam. Conif 64. 



New FL i. 39. — Lindley, Penny CycL i. 31, — Forbes, Abies laxa, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 243 (1873). 



Pinetum Wohurn. 95, t. 33. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 129. 

 Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 412. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 84 ; 



Picea laxa, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 496 (1888). 

 J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, x. 63. 



ed. 2, i. 99, — G'ihoul, Arh. RSs. 4:3. — Knight, Syn. Conif, Picea rubra pusilla, Peck, The Spruces of the Adiron- 



^Q. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Land. v. 211. 

 Darlington, FL Cestr, ed. 3, 292. — Gordon, Pinetum, 



dacks, 10 (1897). 



A treej witli strong-smelling foliage/ sometimes one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a trunk 

 three or four feet in diameter, but east of the Rocky Mountains, and especially toward the southeastern 



^ The foliage and young branchlets of the White Spruce emit a 

 powerful polecat odor, which, although it varies in degree in differ- 

 ent individuals, offers a sure method of distinguishing this tree at 

 all seasons of the year from the other American Spruces, with the 



exception of Picea Fngelmanm. The foliage of this tree has also 

 the polecat odor, but less strongly developed than in the White 

 Spruce. 



