CONIFERiE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



99 



hundred up to six thousand feet above the sea-level, and grows also 

 on the Anti-Taurus and the Lebanon. It bears slender flat leaves 

 which are often an inch and a half long on sterile branches, and 

 are dark green above and silvery white on the lower surface, and 

 cones which are sometimes ten inches in length. 



AUes Cilicica has proved one of the hardiest and handsomest of 

 the exotic Fir-trees which have been introduced into the northern 

 United States, where it grows rapidly and forms a broad-based 

 compact mass of branches gradually narrowed above into a slender 

 pyramidal head (Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 538. — Davis, 

 Garden and Forest, vi. 468). Beginning to expand its buds very 

 early in the spring, the Cilieian Fir suffers in western Europe from 

 spring frosts, which disfigure and often destroy it. 



13 Abies CepJialonica, Loudon, Arh. Brit. iv. 2325, f. 2235, 2236 

 (1838). — Forbes, Pinetum Wohurn. 119, t. 42. — Link, iinnt^a, xv. 

 530. — Carrifere, Traite Conif. 211. — Boissier, Fl. Orient, v. 702. — 

 Masters, Gard. Chron. n, ser. xxii. 592, f . 105. — Beissner, Handh, 

 Nadelh. 438. 



Picea CepTtalonica, Loudon, Gard. Mag. ser. 2, v. 238, f. 49-56 



(1839) ; Encycl. Trees, 1039, f. 1940-1946. — Gordon, Pinetum^ 

 146. 



Finns CepJialonica, Endlicher, Cat. Hort. Vindoh. i. 218 (1842) ; 



Syn. Conif. 98. — Antoine, Coni/. 71, t. 27, f. 1. ~ W. K. M'JSTab, 



Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii. 695, t. 48, f. 24. 

 Pinus Abies, e CepJialonica, Christ, Verhand. Nat Gesell. Basel, 



iii. 544 (UebersicJit der Europaischen AUetineen) (1862). — Parla- 



tore, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 422. 

 AUes CepJialonica robusta, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. 2, 285 



(1867). — BaiUy, Rev. Hort. 1889, 309. 



Abies CepJialonica grows only on Mt. Enos in the Island of 

 Cephalonia where, at elevations of from four to five thousand feet 

 above the sea-level, it covers a ridge twelve or fifteen miles in 

 length. (See Napier, TJie Colonies, 338.) It is a tree sixty or 

 seventy feet tall, with wide-spreading branches, broad sharp-pointed 

 rigid dark green leaves standing out from the branches nearly at 

 right angles, and gray-brown cylindrical pointed cones six or seven 

 inches in length, with exserted or rarely included bracts (Bailly, 

 /. c. 1888, 578). 



Abies CepJialonica was first cultivated in 1824, when a few seeds 

 were sent to England by General Sir Charles J. Napier, Governor 

 of the Island of Cephalonia. In western Europe it is considered 

 one of the most ornamental of the Old World Abies, and in the 

 United States it has proved hardy as far north as eastern Massa- 

 chusetts, healthy specimens thirty or forty feet in height existing in 

 several American gardens. 



The Fir-tree which is common and generally distributed over the 

 mountains of Greece and Roumelia, often forming extensive forests 

 at elevations of from fifteen hundred to four thousand feet above 

 the sea-level, differs only from the Cephalonian Fir in the usually 

 narrower and blunter leaves of some individuals, and is now gen- 

 erally considered a variety of that species. It is : — 



Abies CepJialonica, var. ApolUnis, Beissner, I. c. 440 (1891). 



Abies ApolUnis, Link, L c. 528 (1841). — Oarri6re, I. c. 209. — 

 Boissier, /. c. 



Pinus ApolUnis, Antoine, /. c. 73 (1840-1847). 

 Pinus Abies, j8 ApolUnis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 96 (1847). 

 Abies Picea (B) ApolUnis, Liudley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. 

 Lond. V. 210 (1850). — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 167, t. 24. 



Abies Reginos AmaUcB, Heldreich, Gartenfloraf ix. 313 (1860); 

 X. 268. 



Picea ApolUnis^ Gordon, I. c. Suppl. 44 (1862). 

 Pinus Abies, b Regince Amalioe, Christ, I. c. (1862). 



• Pinus Abies, 5 ApolUnis, Christ, I. c. (1862). 



Pinus Abies, S PanacJiaica, Christ, I. c. 544 (1862). 



Abies CepJialonica, a Parnassica, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. 

 Nadelh. 181 (1865). 



Abies Cephalonica, ^ Arcadica, Henkel & Hochstetter, L c. 

 182 (1865). 



Abies ApolUnis, $ Panachaica, Boissier, I. c. (1884). 



Abies ApolUnis, y Regince Amalice, Boissier, /. c. (1884). 



Abies Cephalonica, var. Regince Amalice, Beissner, I c. 441 

 (1891). 



This Greek Fir is interesting in its power of producing vigorous 

 shoots from adventitious buds. This peculiarity was first noticed 

 in 1859 in the Fir forests of the district of Tripolitza in central 

 Arcadia, where from time immemorial the inhabitants of the neigh- 

 boring villages had been in the habit of obtaining their small 

 timber by cutting out the tops of the trees at different heights 

 according to the size required. It was found that from the side 

 branches of these mutilated trees a number of vertical stems often 

 from eighteen to twenty feet in height and from twelve to fifteen 

 inches in diameter had been produced, and that young trees cut at 

 the ground had thrown up, like Pinus rigida in New Jersey, a cop- 

 pice growth of vigorous shoots. (See Kegel, Gartenflora, ix. 299, 

 f . — Heldreich, I. c. x. 286, f .) 



The Greek Fir has proved hardy in eastern Massachusetts, where 

 it has already borne cones. 



^* Abies Picea, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 29 (not Miller) (1833).— 

 K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 217. ~ Karsten, Pharm.-med. Bot. 325, 

 f.l56. 



Pinus Picea, Linnseus, Spec. 1001 (1753). — Lambert, Pinus, 



i. 46, t. 30. — Antoine, /. c. 68, t. 27, f. 2. — Ledebour, Fl. 

 Ross. iii. 66. 



Abies alba, Millev, Diet. ed. 8, No. 1 (1768). 



Pinus Abies alba, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 222 (1770). 



Pinus Abies, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 39 (1771); HarbJc. Baumz. ii. 

 95. — Brotero, Htst. Nat. Pinheiros, Larices e Abetos, 28. — Visi- 

 ani, Fl. Balm. i. 200. — Endlicher, I. c. 95 (excl. syn. Pinus 

 ApolUnis). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German, xi. 4, t, 533 {Abies 

 pectinaia on plate). — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 66 (excl. syn. 

 Abies Cephalonica, Abies Nordmanniana, Abies ApolUnis, Abies 

 Panachaica, and Abies Regince- Amalice) ; De CandoUe Prodr. I. c. 

 420 (in part). 



Pinus pectinata, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. li. 202 (1778). — W. R. 

 M'Nab, I. c. 693, t. 48, f. 20, 21. 



Abies minor, Gilibert, Exercit. Phyt. ii. 412 (1792). 



Abies vulgaris, Poiret, LamarcJc Diet. vi. 514 (1804). — Spach, 

 Hist. Veg. xi. 415. 



Abies pectinata, De CandoUe, LamarcJc Fl. Fran^. ed. 3, iii. 

 276 (not Gilibert nor Poiret) (1805). — Nouveau DuJiamel, v. 

 294, t. 82. — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif t. 2. — Link, I. c. 526. — 



Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. s4r. 3, iii. 239 (Conif eres d^Itahe). 



Hartig, Forsf. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 26, t. 2. — Carrifere, I. c. 

 205. —FiscaXi, Deutsch. ForstcuU.-Pf. 17, t. 1, f. 1-7. — WiU- 

 komm & Lauge, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 16. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. 

 Nat. s^r. 5, xx. 94. — Laguna, Conif eras y A mentdceas Espanolas, 

 31; FL Forestal Espanola, pt. i. 24, t. 1. — Boissier, I. c. 701. — 

 Colmeiro, Enum, PI. Hispano-Lusitana, iv. 707. — Beissner, I. c. 

 428, f. 118, 119. ~ Herder, Bot. Jahrb. xiv. 160 {Fl. Europ. Russ- 

 lands). — Hempel & Wilhelm, Baume und Straucher, i. 86, f . 44- 

 49, t. 2. 



Abies taxifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 579 (not Lambert) 

 (1809). 



Abies excelsa, Link, AbJiand. AJcad. Berl. 1827, 182 (1830). 



