CONIFEKiE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



105 



ABIES FRASERI. 



Balsam Fir. She Balsam. , 



Bracts of the cone-scales oblong, rounded, short-pointed at the wide denticulate 

 apex, much longer than their scales, reflexed. Leaves dark green and lustrous above, 

 pale below, obtusely short-pointed, or occasionally emarginate. 



Abies Praseri, Poiret, Lamarck Diet, Suppl. v. 35 



(1817). — Lindley, Penny CycL i. 30. 

 New FL i. 39. - 



— Rafinesque, 

 Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 374. 



Forbes, Pinetunt Wohurn. Ill, t. 38. 

 531.- 



191. — Beissner, Handh. Nadelli. 462, — Hansen, Jour, 

 R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 466 (Pinetum Danicuin). — Koehne, 

 Deutsche Dendr, 17, f . 7, J, K, L. — Britton & Brown, III. 

 FL i. 57, f. 127. 

 Pinus Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 639 (1814). 



Sprengel, Syst. lii. 884. — D. Don, Lambert Pinus, iii. t. 



— Link, Linncea, xv. 

 Gray, Man. 441 (in part). — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 

 139, t. 119. — Lindley & Gordon, Jou7\ Hort. Soc. Lond. 

 V. 209. — Carri^re, Traite Conif. 200. — Chapman, Fl. 

 434. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 26. 

 Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 169. — S^ndclanze, 

 Conif. 8. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertrand, Bull. 

 Soc. Bot. France, xviii. 379 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 5, xx. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii. 684, t. 47, f. 10. 



95. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 216. — Engelmann, Trans. Abies balsamea, p Fraseri, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 223 (1818). 



Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f . 1. 

 9L- 



— Endlicher, Syn, Conif. 

 Lawson & Son, List No. 10, Ahietinece, 12. — Cour- 



tin, Fam. Conif. 57. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 393. — Parlatore, 

 De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 419. — W. R. M'Nab, Proc. 



St. Louis Acad. iii. 596; Proc. Phil. Acad. 1876, 173; 



Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 422. 



Gardener's Monthly, xix. 308. 

 96.- 



Veitch, Man. Conif. Pinus balsamea, Elliott, Sh. ii. 639 (not Linnaeus) (1824). 



Pinus balsamea, fi Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N 



States, 359 (1826). 

 Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 84. — Schubeler, Virid. Norveg. Picea Fraseri, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2340, f. 2243, 2244 



— Kegel, Puss. Dendr. ed. 2, i. 43. — Sargent, Forest 



Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 210. — Lauche, 



i. 431. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 217. — Masters, Gard. 

 Chron. ser. 3, viii. 684, f. 132 ; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 



(1838). 

 148. 



Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. — Gordon, Pinetum, 



A fast-growing, short-lived tree, usually from thirty to forty and rarely seventy feet in height, 

 with a trunk occasionally two and a half feet in diameter.* The hark of the trunk is from one quarter 

 to one half of an inch in thickness, and covered with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales, 

 which generally become gray as the tree reaches maturity. The branches are slender and rather rigid, 

 and spread in regular whorls, forming at first an open symmetrical pyramid, but frequently disappear 

 from the lower part of the trunk before the tree has attained half its size. The winter-buds are obtuse, 

 orange-brown, thickly coated with resin, and rarely more than an eighth of an inch in length. The 

 branchlets, which are comparatively stout and covered for three or four years with fine pubescence, are 

 pale yellow-brown during their first season, and then, becoming dark reddish brown during their first 

 winter, gradually grow darker and often assume shades of purple. The leaves are crowded on the 

 upper side of the branchlets, even on those of lower sterile branches, by the strong twist at their base, 

 and are flat, obtusely short-pointed, or occasionally slightly emarginate at the apex even on fertile upper 

 branches and leading shoots; they are very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked 

 on the lower with wide bands of from eight to twelve rows of stomata, and are from half an inch to 

 nearly an inch in length, about one sixteenth of an inch broad, and often widest above the middle, 

 with an almost continuous layer of hypoderm cells on their upper side and edges. The staminate 

 flowers are oblong-cylindrical and about a third of an inch long, with yellow anthers tinged with red; 



1 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American and one hundred and four years old. The stem of this tree, how- 

 Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New Tork, ever, was only an inch and a half thick at the age of thirty years, 

 cut on Koan Mountain, near the boundary between North Caro- while the sapwood, which is two inches in thickness, shows only 

 Una and Tennessee, is fifteen inches in diameter inside the bark eighteen layers of annual growth. 



