CONIFERS. 



3ILVA OF NORTS AMERICA. 



113 



ABIES LASIOCARPA. 



Balsam Fir, 



Bracts of the cone-scales oblong-obovate, laeiniate, rounded, emarginate, and long- 

 pointed at the apex, much shorter than the scales. Leaves blue-green and glaucous, 

 stomatiferous on the upper surface, rounded or bluntly pointed and occasionally 

 emarginate, and on fertile branches thickened and acute. 



Abies lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 138 (1849). — Lindley 

 & Gordon, Jour, Hort. Soc, Lond, v. 210. — Carrifere, Traite 

 Conif, 221. — A. Murray, Proc. R. Hort. Soc. iii. 313, 

 f. 10-14 ; Gartenflora, xiii. 118. — Henkel & Hochstetter, 



34-39 (1863) ; Gartenflora, xHi. 119 ; Gard, Chron, n. 



ser. iii. 465, f. 

 Nadelh. 420. 

 f. 28-31. 



96, 97. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. 

 Masters, Gard, Ckron. ser. 3, v. 172, 



Syn, Naddh. 161 (in part). — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. Pinus amabilis, Parlatore, De Candolle Frodr. xvi. pt. ii. 



426 (in part) (not Antoine) (1868). 



Picea bifolia, A. Murray, Gard, Chron. n. ser. iii. 106 

 (1875). 

 estry, iii. 149 {Cone-Bearers of California) ; West-Amer- Picea lasiocarpa, A. Murray, Gard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 135, 



ed. 2, 84. — Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, v. 172, f . 23- 

 27, 32 ; Jour, Bot. xxvii. 129, f . ; Jour, B. HorU Soc, 

 siv. 192. — Lemmon, Rep. California State Board For- 



ican Cone-Bearers, 60 ; Bull. Sierra Club, ii. 163 {Coni- 



fers of the FacifiG Slope) . 

 Herb. V. 49. 



f. 27, 194 ; f. 39 (1875). 



Leiberg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Abies subalpina, Engelraann, Am. Nat. x. 555 (1876) ; 



Pinus lasiocarpa. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163 (1839). 



Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 394. 



Courtin, Fam. Conif 57. — W. R. M'Nab, Froc. jE. Irish 



Acad. ser. 2, ii. 682, t. 46, f . 7, 7 a ; 47, f . 8, 9. 

 Pinns sp., Torrey, Fremont's Rep. 97 (1845). 



+ 



Abies balsamea, J. M. Bigelow, Pacific R. R. Rep, iv. pt. 



V. 18 (in part) (not Miller) (1856). — Torrey, Pacific R. 



R. Rep. IV. pt. V. 141 (in part). 

 Abies grandis, Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. Abies subalpina, var. fallax, Engelmann, Trans, St. Louis 



Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 597 ; Rothroch Wheeler's Rep. 

 vi. 255. — Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xv. 236, f. 43-45 ; 

 Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. 183, f. 12-17. — Sargent, Forest 

 Trees N, Am. IQth Census U. S. ix. 211. — Coulter, Man, 

 Rocky Mt. Bot. 430. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 355. 

 Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 466. — Hansen, Jour, R. Hort, 

 Soc. xiv. 477 {Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne, Deutsche 

 Dendr. 17, f . 7, D-F. — F. Kurtz, Bot, Jahrb. xix. 425 

 {Fl, Chilcatc/ebietes). 



330 (not Lindley) (1862). — Carri^re, Traite Conif. ed. 

 2, 296 (in part). — Watson, King's Rep. v. 334 (in 

 part), — Porter & Coulter, Fl, Colorado ; Hay den's Surv, 

 Misc. Pub. No. 34, 131. 



Acad. iii. 597 (1878). 

 Abies Arizonica, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 

 \. 115, f. 24,25 (1896). — Lemmon, ^w^^./Sterm Club, 

 ii. 167 {Conifers of the Pacific Slope). 



Picea amabilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 154 (in part) (not Lou- Abies lasiocarpa, var. Arizonica, Lemmon, Bull. Sierra 



don) (1858). 

 Abies bifolia, A. Murray, Proc. R. Hort. Soc. iii. 320, f. 



Club, ii. 167 {Conifers of the Pacific Slope) (1897). 



A tree, occasionally one hundred and seventy-five feet in height, with a trunk five feet in diameter, 

 but usually from eighty to one hundred feet tall, with a trunk two or three feet thick, and at high 



L 

 L 



elevations often reduced to a low bush with spreading prostrate stems. The bark, which on young 

 stems is thin, smooth, and pale gray or silvery white, on old trees is from three quarters of an inch to 

 an inch and a half in thickness, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed 

 scales which are light reddish brown or nearly white on the surface, and occasionally soft and spongy.* 



^ Corky bark is particularly noticeable on trees on the San Fran- 

 cisco Peaks of Arizona, where a similar peculiarity characterizes 

 the bark of Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga mucronata. Upon the 

 strength of the spongy bark of the Arizona trees and of some pe- 

 culiarity in the form of their cone-scales Dr. Merriam established 

 his Abies Arizonica. I have seen bark equally corky, however, on 



Abies lasiocarpa in Colorado and eastern Oregon and in southern 

 Alberta and British Columbia, and also the scales of cones pro- 

 duced by trees on the Blue Mountains of Oregon, which in shape 

 cannot be distinguished from those which grow on the San Fran- 

 cisco Peaks. 



