192 



(1) The shore plants, as some species of Eleocharis. 



(2) Aquatic witli emersed leaves (or culms) as Scirpiis lacustris, spat- 



terdock, water lilies and pontederia, also many potamofjetons. 



(3) Short stemmed aquatics; species near shore as Naias and species of 



Chnra and Nitella. 



(4) Long stemmed aquatics, in deep Avater, as various Potamogetons, 



Ceratopliyllvm and Myrioplujlhim. 



(5) Beyond these Phanerogams, and intermixed with them, are the 



Algae. 



The lake disseminates such winged seeds as those of elm and maple, 

 and sows them on the beach. 



Various water plants, as Scirpus and species of Potamogeton, protect 

 the shore from waves. They also serve as points for the attachment of 

 various organisms. 



D. The Plant Ecology of Winona Lake. 

 Lucy Youse. 



In the following discussion of plant societies and their distribution 

 about Winona Lake, Warming's system of classification of plant societies 

 will be used. This system of classification, now in general use by botan- 

 ists, groups plants, except in the case of salt plants, on the basis of their 

 relation to moistiu-e. He distinguishes the following types: Xerophytes, 

 those requiring least moisture; hydrophytes, those requiring most; 

 mesophytes, those of medium moisture conditions; and halophytes, plants 

 of alkaline soil or salt watei*. 



Many things besides climate help to determine the amount of moisture. 

 The quality of the soil has a marked influence upon the water content; 

 clay, for instance, holds water and sand does not. Of all such factors, the 

 topography of the country, since it plays so important a part in determin- 

 ing not only the drainage and the humus content of the soil, but also 

 exposure to the wind, to light and to heat, is held by some to be more im- 

 portant even than surface geology in its influence upon the character of 

 the vegetation. Dr. Henry C. Cowles, in his report upon the plant societies 

 of Chicago and vicinity, has shown this influence to be secondary to that 

 of topography. In his discussion of the same he says: "The flora of a 

 youthful topography in limestone, so far as the author has observed, more 



