197 



racemosa. and the Elder (Sainlinciis Cauaden^isl. This mesophytio strip 

 forms a zone of tension lietween tlie more nearly hydrophytic beach and 

 the semi-xerophytic hill adjoining- on the west. At Yarnelle's landing, 

 north of the dredge, where th.e land rises quite suddenly from the water's 

 edge, joining the hills a short distance beyond, there are comparatively 

 few willows. The syca mores and cottonwoods of the shore are accom- 

 panied liy the jispens (r(ii)nlus ti'emnloides). the elm (Ulmus Americana), 

 black haw (Viburntini prnnifolium), the hickory and Sassafras otticinale. 

 Closely adjoining are the mayapple. grape, red bud (Cercis Canadensis), 

 and prickly ash (Xanthoxyluni Americanum). This evolution of plant so- 

 cieties on the lake shore is perhaps shown even luore beautifully in the 

 vegetation of the two long points of land projecting out into the north- 

 west arm. These are shown at the left in Fig. 1. the one in the fore- 

 ground showing the more advanced stage. 



2. The Swamp. — The encroachment of vegetation upon tlie lake, with 

 its death and decay, makes the water shallower and hna.lly untits it for 

 the plants themselves. This filling up process is aided by the deposition 

 of material earned in by the streams that feed its waters, and ultimately 

 we have a SAvamp taking tlie jilacc of tlie lake. These may be fnund in 

 various stages of construction and destruction in the region about Winona 

 which was at one time itsi'lf a p.-irt of the lake. 



One of the youngest of these, near the east shore of the hike and 

 bordering upon Cherry Creek, has its surface covered with duckweed 

 (Lemna. Spirodela and Woltlia) with arrowhead and yellow water lilies 

 near the shore in some places, followed by gi'asses, the Iris (Versicolor) 

 and sedges (Carex vulpinoidea and Carex lupulinai. Surrounding these 

 are the button bush, osier dogwood, willows, swamp white oak and elm 

 and the fern (Aspidium thelypteris). In some places where the swamp 

 is becoming filled up, a dense growth of Polygonum is found in the center. 



At many places about the lake is the swamp meadow, a wide stretch 

 of flat land with rich muck soil. One of the most interesting of these 

 lies just north of the lake. Here are grasses, sedges, Salix amygdaloides, 

 the shield fern (Aspidium thelypteris), Potentilla fruticosa (shrubby cinque- 

 foil), Eupatorium purpureum. osier dogwood, Carolina rose, Joe Pye-Weed, 

 Solidago lanceolata. Canqtanula aparinoides (marsh bellflower). Lycopus 

 lucidus (water horehoundi, Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed), Pyc- 

 nanthemum lanceolatum (mountain mint), Boehmeria cylindrica (false net- 

 tle), Betula pumila (low l)irch), Steironema longifolium, Osmumla regalis. 



