2(»() 



vicinity of Lalc(> Winona containinu- some of the plants typical of the 

 taniaraclv sta.yc. such as the pitcher jtlant iSarvacenia purpurea!, and the 

 peat moss. Sphagnum. But in the old Winona Lake bed there are barely 

 three lone tamaracks, standing in the bottom of an old arm of the lake, 

 with notliin.ii' to indicate the share they took in the development of the 

 swamp. Further data olitained by a comparison with other specimens of 

 this kind of swamp are necessary liefore a definite conclusion can be 

 reached concerning its evolution. 



Quite an interesting type of swamp is found in a narrow belt of low- 

 land which adjoins the lake and represents an old arm of it, lying like a 

 ditch l)etween the hills there. It contains I>udwigia polycarpa, Ludwigia 

 hirtella, ditch stone-crop (Penthorum sedoidesi, manna-grass (Glyceria 

 fluitansi. Tolygonum acre. Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum sagittatum 

 and Polygonum Muhlenliei-gii. The fiora of the margin is swamp whte 

 oak, black alder (Ilex verticillata), sour gum (Nyssa sylvaticai. Carolina 

 rose, and the swamp, white or silver maple (Acer dasycarpumi. Riccia 

 fluitans carpets the wet soil. 



A swamp in the hollow of the hills is filled Avith Polygonum hydro- 

 piper. Iris, skunk cal)bage (Symplocarpus foetidus), and Rosa Carolina. 

 Around the margins are dying willows, elm and ash. Fossils of ferns 

 point back to former days when moisture was more abundant. With- 

 ering Mnium and flourishing Polytricium, the relict and the pioneer, 

 show past and future. To the south, the hill has been cleared and xei ©phy- 

 tic conditions are being hastened in the margin of the swamp. Dying 

 Iris and vigorous Canada thistle grow side by side. Oi the east, west 

 and south are the morainic hills covered with oak-hickory forests. The 

 fate of this SAvamp is gradual filling up by dead vegetation and down- 

 Avash from the surrounding uplands and the ultimate encroachment of 

 the neighboring plants upon its territory. 



3. The Morainic Uplands.— The sand-graA'el-clay hills are even more 

 numerous about the lake than are the SAA^amp meadoAvs and their vegeta- 

 tion is only slightly varied at different places, this being usually in clear- 

 ings. The oak-hickory stage prevails. Near the summit of the hill is 

 the black oak (Quercus coccinea tlnctoria), Avith the Avhite oak (Quercus 

 allja), on the lower slopes. These are accompanied by the hicKories (Carya 

 alba and Car.va sulcata). Avild oats (Danthonia spicata), Avire grass (Poa 

 compressa), plantain-leaved everlasting (Antennaria planlaginifolia), Poly- 

 trichum, NeAV Jersey tea (Ceanothus Americanus) and Silene steUata. At 



