178 BIRDS OF OHIO. 
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247. (652.) DENDROICA #STIVA (Gmel.). 39. 
Yellow Warbler. ; 
Synonyms: Dendreeca estiva, Sylvicola estiva, Sylvia 
eestiva, Motacilla estiva. 
Summer Warbler, Summer Yellowbird, Blue-eyed Yellow 
Warbler, Golden Warbler, Yellow-bird, Yellow-poll Warbler, 
Wild Canary. 
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182. 
This well-known warbler is our commonest summer warb- 
ler in all parts of the state. It has the capacity of accommo- 
dating itself to almost any conditions, seeming as much at 
home in the orchard or ornamental trees as in its primitive 
briar tangle in some drying swamp. Its nest may be within 
a few feet of the ground or in the tree-tops if necessary. As 
an inhabitant of the orchards it is kept busy with the insect 
pests which make the life of the fruit-grower miserable. 
Here it is a great aid in keeping in check fruit destroying 
insects. 
The Yellow Warbler is among the earlier warblers to ap- 
pear in spring, reaching our southern border before the 20th 
of April, or even during the first week of April, in favorable 
years. It is usually found at Oberlin about the 22d of 
April, often earlier. The departure in the autumn is not so 
easy to trace. I have found them in Oberlin as late as Sep- 
tember 7. It is likely that individuals remain much later 
but the majority have gone before the first of September. 
248. (654.) DENDROICA CARULESCENS (Gmel.). 40. 
Black-throated Blue Warbler. 
Synonyms: Dendreeca cerulescens, Sylvia canadensis, Sylvico- 
la canadensis, Dendroica canadensis, Motacilla canaden- 
sis, M. cerulescens. 
Canadian Warbler, Pine Swamp Warbler. 
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182. 
This is one of the fairly common migrants, passing en- 
tirely across the state twice each year. It is as often seen 
in parks and along shaded streets in spring as in the woods, 
but seems to avoid human habitations on its return journey. 
It is an inhabitant of the lower stories of the woods, even 
