REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 555 



capod injury were those in the adult stage, hoth before and after excreting the egg- 

 mass. 



One Pound of Pofdah and two Gallona of Water.— ThiA killed about ouo-tentli of 

 the leaves upon the tree and several of the smaller brancJies. All of the insects in 

 tlie tirst Jind second stages were killed, but only about otui-half of tlie advilt females, 

 one-fourtii of tlie females with egg-masse,s, and one-tenth of tlie eggs were killed. 



One Pound of Pofafih and four GaUona of Water. — This killed about H per cent, 

 of the leaves and burned brown spots of various sizes in many of the others. Nearly 

 all of the insects in the lirst laid second stages were killed, but not more than one- 

 fourth of the adult females btvore secreting the egg-masses were killed, while the 

 females with these egg-masses were scarcely affected by the application; eggs un- 

 injured, 



CAUSTIC SODA. 



The crude caustic soda was used; the present price of tlie soda is 5 cents per 

 pound when purchased in large quantities. 



One Pound of caustic Soda dissolved in two Gallons of Water. — This killed all of 

 the leaves upon the tree and burned the bark brown, but later in the season the ti'ee 

 put forth a new growth on some of the larger branches. All of the insects were 

 killed, with the exception of about one-tenth of the adult females before secreting 

 the egg-masses and one-eighth of those with egg-masses; eggs scarcely injured. (In 

 oim of the egg-masses situated upoji a spot where the bark had been burned brown 

 I found three recently hatched larvje five days after making the application.) 



One Pound of caustic Soda to four Gallons of Water. — This killed about four-fifths 

 of the leaves and one-third of the smaller branches, and bui-ned the bark brown in 

 large sjiots. With the exception of about one-sixth of the adult females before se- 

 creting the egg-masses and one-fourth of those Avith egg-masses, all of the insects 

 were killed; eg^s uninjured. 



One Pound of caustic Soda to six Gallons of Water. — This killed about one-third of 

 the leaves upon the tree, while the bark was not injured. A slightly larger number 

 of the adult females escaped injury than in the preceding experiment; eggs unin- 

 jured. 



Several egg-masses were immersed in a solution composed of 1 pound of caustic 

 soda dissolved in 1 gallon of water; this killed about one-thii-d of the eggs thus 

 treated. 



HARD SOAP. 



This was a brown laundry soap, manufactured by the Los Angeles Soap Company, 

 under the name of " Omr Favorite German Chemical Soap," and I am mformed by 

 one of the members of the above firm that this soap is composed of tallow, caustic 

 soda, a little sal-soda, and resin. It is retailed at the rate of 5 cents per bar, weigh- 

 ing somewhat less than a pound, but it could probably be obtained at wholesale at 

 the rate of 3 cents per pound. It was fii-st dissolved in hot water and afterward di- 

 luted with cold water, and sprayed upon the trees when quite cold. 



One Pound of Soaj) and two Gallons of Water.— T\ns left a whitish coating upon 

 the leaves and bark of the tree, but did not appear to injure the latter. It killed all 

 of the insects with the exception of about 1 per cent, of the females with egg-masses, 

 and hardened the outside of the egg-masses to such a degree that the insects after 

 hatching were unable to make their way to the outside world. FuUy foux-fifths of 

 the eggs Avere thus virtually destroyed. 



One Pound of Soap and three Gallons of Wafer,— This also left a whitish coating 

 upon the leaves and bark. All of the insects were killed with the exception of 

 about 4 per cent, of the adul* females, before secreting the egg-masses and 8 per cent, 

 of the females with egg-masses. About three-fourths of the eggs were destroyed ui 

 the manner related above. 



Several of the egg-masses were immersed in a solution composed of 1 pound of 

 the soap to 1 gallon of water, and not a living insect issued from either of the egg- 

 masses thus treated. 



It is necessary to spray these solutions when quite hot, since the cold solutions are 

 of such a thick consistency that it is very difficult to force them through a spraying 

 nozzle. X- .^ o 



SOFT SOAP. 



This was made by dissolving 1 pound of refined potash and 1 of concentrated lye 

 ui 3 gallons of water, to wliich was added one-half gallon of fish-oil. This was 

 boiled for about one hour, when 4i gallons of water were added. The cost of these 

 materials when purchased in large quantities is about as follows: Potash and con- 



