REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



,091 



feciinduted eggs. Being convinced that as far as the queens were concerned the 

 difficulties in the way of success were not insurmountable, and that the main trouble 

 was that the drones had not been furnished by tlie workers with the glandular secre- 

 tion or the food suitable for producing the albumenlike secretion which I had been 

 led to believe essential to produce sexual desire and to assist in the performance of 

 the copulative act, from these same colonies I removed the remaming unmated 

 queens, and to each I introduced another virgin queen as before. 



I then went to a distant apiary, and secured an unusually strong colony whicJi was 

 imder the swarming impulse. A few queen cells were being built and a moderate 

 supply of drones was present. This was late in the season. This colony had not 

 cast a swarm dmring the year, and was the onJy one I could find, after considerable 

 search and inquiry far and near, having any di'ones, and probably owing to the ex- 

 cessive drought onlj^ an occasional one of the number examined had been prepared 

 by the workers for the procreative function. I took this colony home and placed it 

 in the wire-covered house at the end opposite that in wliich the virgin queens were 

 located. I clipped the wings of the old queen so that she could not leave the hive, 

 and upon being Uberated the workers and drones of this hive made less effort to es- 

 cape tlian those brought in from the apiary near by, and some seemed reconciled to 

 theu" new surroundings. The workers soon leained their location and drones were 

 soon to be found in nearly every liive in the house. The result of this ti'ial was that 

 tlu'ee of the six queens were fertilized, and as soon as they had each laid live or six 

 hundred eggs I clipped their wings and removed them, together with their colonies, 

 to the yard and fed them, and all the eggs laid by these queens produced worker 

 bees. I am much encouraged by the success so far reaHzed under conditions so un- 

 favorable. 



With the return of spring I hope to follow out your suggestions and continue 

 the test, using a large wh'e-covered inclosure for the purpose; with hives so arranged 

 on the sides that the worker bees may have unobstructed flight, whUe the drones 

 and, queens, being restrained by means of queen-excluding zinc placed before the 

 outside entrance to the hive, may fly and mate within the inclosure and readily 

 return to the hives from whence they came. If jDractical conti'ol of reproduction 

 can be secured by so simple and inexpensive a method — and the facts from ray ex- 

 perience as given above seem to warrant the conclusion that this is true — then the 

 Rubicon of scientific apiculture is passed. 



EXPLANATION TO PLATES TO REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST. 



WJiere figures are enlarged the natural sizes are indicated in hair-lines at side, 

 unless already indicated in some other wajj on the plate. 



EXPLANATION TO PLATE I. 



THE COTTONY CUSmON-SCALE. 



(Original.) , 



Fia. 1.— a, adult male— enlarged; 6, hind tarsu.'S 

 of same; c, wing and poiser of same, 

 .showing hooks and poclcet — still more 

 enlarged. 



Fig. S. — a, newly hatched larva from below— en- 

 larged; 6, antenna of same; c, tarsus- 

 still more enlarged. 



Fig. 3.— Adult female, side view, showing the 

 pale, greenLsh-gray form and with part 

 of egg-covering torn away, showing the 

 carmine eggs and egg-stam -enlarged. 



Fig. 4. — Adult female, dorsal view, showing red- 

 dish-brown form- -enlarged. 



Fig. 5. — Male cocoon- -enlarged. 



Fig. 6.— Branch of orange tree with mass of in- 

 sects in situ and as they appear soon 

 after death— natm-al size. 



EXPLANATION TO PLATE II. 



THE COTTONY CUSHION-SCALE. 

 (Original.) 



Fig. 1.— Outline of the egg— greatly enlarged. 



Fig. 2.— Dorsal view of newly-hatched larva^ 

 greatly enlarged. 



F^G. 3.— a, female larva, second stage, ventral 

 view— greatly enlarged; 6, antenna of 

 same— stm more enlarged. 



Fig. 4.— Female larva, third stage, ventral view— 

 greatlj' enlarged. 



Fig. 5. — Adult female u'omth 3ta, ;c'). dorsal view- 

 greatly enlarged ; a. antenna— still mora 

 enlarged. 



Fig. C— Greatly magnified portion of lateral bor- 

 der of adult, showing bases of glassy 

 filaments. 



Fig. 7. — Male larva, second stage, ventral view- 

 greatly enlarged. 



Fig. 8. — JIale puiia, ventral view— greatly en- 

 larged. 



EXPLANATION TO PLATE III. 



ENE:\nES OF THE COTTONY CUSHION-SCALE. 



(Original.) 



Fig. 1. — Isodromus iceryoi — gi-eatly enlarged. 

 Fig. 2. — Blapstinus brevicollis—eniavgiid. 

 Fig. 3. — Bla.-itolxt.iis icert/ceeUu — enlarged. 

 Fig. 4. — Largus siiccincius — enlarged. 

 Fig. 5. — Corizus hi/uUiius — enlarged. 

 Fig. 6.—Forficula found preying on icej-ya —en- 

 larged. 



EXPLANATION TO PLATE IV. 



(Photoengi-aved from a photograph.) 



A lemon orchard at Los Angeles, infested by Cot- 

 tony Cushion-scale. 



