78 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science. 
oped on the basis of a strict and complete organization can really become 
great and continue so. This is, of course, nothing more than the prin- 
ciple of mutual aid carried to a nation-wide extent. And if the life of 
a nation is made more effective by co-operation, does not the same rule 
apply to neighboring world powers? The logic that proves co-operation 
to be the best means to develop the people of a nation should be carried 
further and demand the co-operation of the nations themselves. Ger- 
many has not felt the full force of the logic of its own situation. There 
co-operation has worked effectively by removing competition and struggle 
from the inhabitants of an empire where formerly conflict was the rule 
and peace the exception.. And this co-operation within the empire is 
completely at variance with the philosophy that regards conflict and 
struggle between nations, the downfall of one people and the exaltation 
of another, as the working out of natural law. The argument that 
natural selection and struggle for existence must be applied to peoples 
is most effectively disproven by the development and life of the German 
people itself. In every nation the highest development of its society is 
based upon the complete application of the principle of co-operation. 
And the highest development of the society of the world will await the 
co-operation of the nations which dominate and control the world’s 
destiny. 
The final point in the argument is the pre-eminence of the German 
people. Very few will be found to admit that this people represent the 
highest development of mankind and are the best fitted to rule, for such 
an admission would imply a very narrow understanding of the meaning 
of best fitted. At the beginning of the war Germany was certainly the 
best organized nation for military purposes; but when all is said, mili- 
tary strength will never give any people the first rank as the best 
developed of mankind. Intellectually Germany has stood well to the 
front, but it is noteworthy that this position is not due to the politicians 
and soldiers of Prussia but to the general interest in culture and learn- 
ing that prevails in the south and west of Germany. Even Prussian 
Von Bilow remarked that “German intellect had already reached its 
zenith without the help of Prussia.” Spiritually the life and perform- 
ances of Germany will not stand close scrutiny. The misdeeds and 
moral corruption of the German military authorities are probably the 
most outstanding feature of the war. Certain it is that the life and 
deeds of the German nation do not stand in the eyes of the world as 
the finest and most fitted type of manhood. No attempt in the defense 
of this people can ever give them the place that they claim. 
For all these reasons, therefore, biology cannot rightfully be charged 
with having furnished a foundation upon which to construct a_phil- 
osophy of war. 
November, 1918. 
