198 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science. 
Crops Grown.—This type produces good yields of corn, oats, wheat, 
clover and potatoes. Apples, pears, peaches, grapes and small fruits 
should do well on this type ef soil. A few orchards have been planted 
and seem to do well. 
Where sand ridges occur in the sandy loam, care should be taken 
to keep the sand from blowing in the spring of the year. The sand not 
only uncovers the young crops on the ridges but it covers up the plants 
in drifting. Blowing sand does great damage by lacerating the leaves. 
The more sandy ridges should have cover crops during the spring of 
the year, such as rye. 
The fine sandy loam is easily cultivated and requires less labor to 
secure a good seedbed than the other upland soils. The yields are 
slightly below those of the heavier types. 
Care should be taken not to cultivate sandy land when too wet. The 
water soon sinks down and the surface soon dries off, but below the first 
inch the soil is too wet. If stirred too wet, the soil loses too much water 
by evaporation. 
The application of barnyard and green manures is very important. 
Clover and other leguminous crops should be grown for green manure. 
It is well to remember that sandy land loses fertility easier than clay 
soil from leaching. 
CLYDE SILTY CLAY LOAM. 
Characteristics.—The surface of the Clyde silty clay loam is a silty 
loam to a depth of from ten to sixteen inches. It then grades into a 
sandier brown clay loam having an average depth of sixteen inches. 
The subsoil consists of a drab or a dark blue, mottled with a yellowish 
to a rusty brown plastic clay loam. When wet its surface is dark brown 
or black, but when dry its surface becomes a grayish brown to brown. 
When dry the soil crumbles, forming cubical blocks. The surface forms 
deep cracks. 
The Clyde silty clay loam grades on one side into the Peat and Muck 
series, while on the other side it merges into the surrounding Miami 
soils. 
The topography is naturally level, with perhaps an occasional slight 
elevation on the surface. 
Origin.—The Clyde silty clay loam, in common with the Clyde series, 
is due to depressions in the surface after the retreat of the glacier. 
The depressions had a very poor natural drainage and became marshes 
and swamps in the case of the glaciated regions. The areas are con- 
nected in most cases by long, narrow, usually parallel lines, where the 
water slowly drained from the higher swamps to the lower ones and 
finally reached the smaller tributaries of the streams. The swamps 
