REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I9Q13 55 
these adjoining ranges. Like the former ranges, most of the Frank- 
furt range lies in the frost dells of the Rhine valley, but within 
short distances there is much diversity in the quality of the soil, 
and in consequence a corresponding diversity of stands. 
Along a small stream close to the suburban villa colony of Neu- 
Ysenburg is a stand of hardwoods which contains some fine alders 
up to 2 feet in diameter, not very straight but about the best seen 
anywhere in Germany. This stand also contains some excellent 
maple, ash, basswood, hornbeam, oak and beech. The hornbeam 
logs sell, in the woods, on the ground, for $35 a thousand feet, board 
measure, and are used in the manufacture of waterwheel cogs. The 
oak, which is here of fair quality, brings $31 a thousand feet for 
ties and veneers. The best veneer logs of oak in this compartment 
were about 24 inches in diameter and contained about 350 board 
feet, on the average, and sold at auction there in the woods for 
about $82 each. 
A mixed hardwood forest of this type is the best place to see the 
attention to detail and order which the German forester brings to 
his operations (plate 5). The firewood resulting from the trunks 
and limbs of the trees unsuitable for timber, is piled into neat cubic 
meter piles of split oak, split maple, split alder, round oak, round 
maple, etc. The smaller and more crooked branchwood and root- 
wood of each species is also piled separately, and for each and 
every one of these “grades” of firewood the forest administration 
receives a different price. The small limbs and twigs are also 
gathered up and tied into bundles which are sold for a small sum, 
but apparently not at a profit. That genius is an infinite capacity for 
taking pains finds here a visible demonstration in forestry. 
The Frankfurt town forests also contain an interesting stand of 
American white pine (plate 6), about 60 years old. It was origin- 
ally made with alternating rows of spruce and oak. The oak is now 
nowhere to be seen, and the spruce has survived only in part. The 
white pine having dominated the situation from the start is very 
branchy and unfit for a high grade of lumber, and yet the revenue 
from this stand is very large, but from the sale of cones to seed 
establishments rather than from timber. The pines number about 
150 to the acre, and spruce less than half as many, out of an 
original 1500 pines and spruce to the acre. The total sectional area 
of the white pine alone is 153.6 square feet, which with a form 
height of 150 means a stand of 35,000 board feet to the acre. This 
is far from being the best stand of white pine in this part of 
