48 



render the bread safe from living germs by singeing the surface with a flame. As the 

 interior of a loaf of bread is raised to nearly 100° C in the baking, besides steam 

 being generated, the conditions are such that yeast can not live, and most bacteria 

 can not resist this prolonged steam heat. The danger in bread is not the intro- 

 duction of living germs into the system, but the introduction of ptomaines formed 

 by bacteria during the rising of the dough. As the rising is done inside of six 

 or seven hours, the danger from this source is very slight, as it would take con- 

 siderably longer than that time for sutHcient ptomaine to be generated to be in- 

 jurious; moreover, the yeast is there in sufficiently large quantities to check the 

 growth of any foreign organism, that must of necessity be there in small 

 quantities. 



Simple Apparatus for Photo-Micography. By M. J. Golden. 



This device enables one to secure a photograph of a section with little loss of 

 time, and with little disturbance of the section. 



The device consists of a piece of board, about an inch thick, forty inches 

 long and about twelve inches wide, to which are attached a shelf to hold the 

 microscope, and a sliding piece with a pair of brackets to carry the box of an or- 

 dinary hand camera. Under the shelf another piece of board is fastened to the 

 first, at right angles, and this assists in supporting the shelf, and serves as a leg 

 to help keep the apparatus in an upright position. 



The back, leg, shelf and sliding piece may be constructed from a piece of 

 smooth pine board ; and the bolts and nut used with the sliding piece are ordi- 

 narv machine ones, that may be gotten at a hardware store. One of the bolts must 

 have the same pitch as the hole in the camera box, by which it is fastened to the 

 tripod. One may easily make this stand for himself, or have it made by a car- 

 penter at little cost. 



The lens of the camera is removed, and a funnel made of heavy, black cloth, 

 or some corresponding material having flexibility, put in place of it, so that light- 

 tight connection may be made between the camera box and the eye-piece of the 

 microscope. If this cloth funnel be terminated in a small cone, made of tin or 

 paste-board, to fit over the eye-piece, the adjustment to the microscope can be more 

 rapidly made. 



By using a camera box, one can also use the ordinary plate holders for his 

 negatives, and he can get his focus on the ground glass. Of course, the plates 

 may be developed at one's leisure. 



The advantage of the apparatus is that one can, with slight cost, have at 

 hand in the laboratory, means for making a permanent record of any peculiarity 

 in a section that he may find, with the expenditure of very little time. 



