106 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science 



Agassiz says : "The earth had already its seasons, its spring and sum- 

 mer, its autumn and winter, its seed-time and harvest, though neither 

 sower nor reaper was there; the forests then, as now, dropped their thick 

 carpet of leaves upon the ground in the autumn, and in many localities 

 they remain where they originally fell, with a layer of soil between the 

 successive layers of leaves — a leafy chronology, as it were, by which we 

 read the passage of the years which divided these deposits from each 

 other. Where the leaves have fallen singly on a clayey soil favorable 

 for receiving such impressions, they have daguerreotyped themselves with 

 the most wondeiful accuracy; and the trees of the Tertiaries are as 

 well known to us as are those of our own time." 



Following this, from causes still imperfectly known, an accumulation 

 of ice formed in the northern latitudes and glaciers extended into former 

 tropical sections, and one glacier period succeeded another resulting in 

 successive deposits also containing relics of former life and growths, 

 and in this the Quaternary period, acknowledged evidence of the exist- 

 ence of man appears. "Races of Man," already quoted, states that: "In 

 the quaternary beds the presence of human bones has beyond question 

 been ascertained. The men of that period have handed down to us 

 implements of a very rude type: fragments of flint of pointed form, — 

 some were found along with the bones of animals which are now ex- 

 tinct; and objects of bone, horn, stag's horn and shell bear witness that 

 Paleolithic man used tools or weapons made of other material than 

 flint. A slow sinking of the land, which submerged beneath the ocean 

 all the countries to the north and northeast of Europe, marks the end 

 of the quaternary period; or from the archcological point of view, the 

 'earlier stone age' of the Paleolithic period. Of interglacial man, maker 

 of those first flint implements exhumed from the lowest beds of the oldest 

 quaternary alluvia, we have at the most, for the whole of Europe, but 

 a dozen fragmentary skulls and a score of other bones genuinely qua- 

 ternary. Of these the Neanderthal skull is typical of the early Paleo- 

 lithic period, having an exceedingly low and retreating forehead, promi- 

 nent brow ridges and probably a low stature." The same authority also 

 states that: "The use of the bow was only known at a later period as 

 arrow-heads of flint or bone have not been found in the early or 

 Paleolithic period." And, further, that: "There is no people on earth 

 which eats its food (,uite raw, without having subjected it to previous 

 preparation, and no tribe exists, even at the bottom of the scale of 

 civilization, which is not today acquainted with the use of fire, and as 

 far back as we can go into i^rehistoric times we find material traces 

 of the employment of fire, but real cooking, even of the simplest sort, 

 is only possible with the existence of potteiy, the manufacture of which 

 must follow closely on the discovery cf a method of obtaining fire, for 

 no example is known of unbaked pottery." 



To quote still further from the same source: "The Paleolithic period 

 was succeeded by the present era in the geological sense of the word, 

 which is characterized, from the archeological point of view, by another 

 stage of civilization: that of the 'later stone age' or Neolithic period. 

 In this latter period instead of the lude flint implements of the Paleo- 

 lithic period, a variety of implements made their appearance." 



