stone Age in Indiana 107 



Just how to differentiate between the Paleolithic and Neolithic cul- 

 tures is a difficult problem. In the Paleolithic period man lived as an 

 animal, procuring food from nature's supply which in certain climates 

 is never exhausted, until his bi'ain development suggested the first rude 

 weapon and the first crude cooking utensil. A recent English publica- 

 tion, — "Man and His Past," — gives a method quite unique in its way. 

 The author, Mr. Crawford, says: "Man was the first animal to grow 

 a limb outside of himself by making tools out of wood and stone. This 

 was a great achievement, for with man the desire outstrips the per- 

 formance. There is thus added a third factor, intermediate between 

 man and his environment; so that the different kinds of interaction 

 between the two are multiplied enormously. Man started his cai'eer in a 

 comparatively defenseless state, with no limb or part of his body spe- 

 cialized as a weapon of defense or offence. That, perhaps, is why he 

 alone picked up and used the flint around him. Moderate in all things, 

 he lived a life of meditative aloofness in the forest, waiting for some- 

 thing to turn up. His patience was rewarded, for what turned up was 

 not any kind of external goods but the key to all such — an intelligent 

 mind. 



"Now we ai'e in a position to understand why it was that man, and 

 man alone, has invented tools. The close connection betv/een tools and 

 brain becomes clear when we realize that primitive tools were the high- 

 est existing functions of brain made manifest. The power of intelli- 

 gence grows with use, for it is quick to take a hint from its teacher, 

 the tool. The tool is improved, fresh demands are made upon intelligence 

 to use the new tool aright, and so the process is continued, each in turn 

 helping the other. These tools may be regarded as art-products of a 

 primitive kind, capable, therefore, of throwing light upon the nature of 

 the men who made them, and so form the basis of all archeological work. 



"The archeologist deals with the works of man in the past; it is 

 through them that he is able to reconstruct a picture of the condition 

 which obtained at any given period, and trace the evolution of culture." 



The author, in connection with the above, teaches an object lesson 

 by putting the matter in shape of a formula as follows: 



(Animal) , (Object) 



(Man) ; (Tool) > (Object) 



Applying the above to the principal matter in hand, — that of draw- 

 ing a line between Paleolithic and Neolithic stages of aboriginal life, 

 we can take the first portion of Crawford's formula, where there is a 

 direct contact of animals with their environment, as representing in a 

 general way the Neolithic age of man up to and including the use of 

 the elementary tools. And the second portion of the formula would 

 represent the progression in the nev/ sphere of life as found in the 

 various stages of advancement in the semi-civilized, aboriginal culture, 

 known as Neolithic. 



In an article entitled "Lonely Australia: The Uni:)ue Continent," 

 H. E. Gregory says that Paleolithic man, whose primitive tools are 

 eagerly sought in caves and gravels of Europe, was alive in Ta.smania 

 within the memory of people now living, and Neolithic man is roaming 



