ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF BRUSH LAKE. 161 
present to obtain the transition from the lake shore forest to the 
culmination forest of the region. For this reason the normal 
upland forest will not be considered here. The typical trees are : 
Acer saccharinum L. Salix nigra Marsh. 
Fraxinus americana L,. ‘“ amygdaloides And. 
as pennsylvanica Marsh. ‘© discolor Muhl. 
Ulmus americana L. 
All of these are reproducing well and advancing inward upon 
the shrub zone. 
In the drier, outer parts of the forest zone are also found the 
following trees : 
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Prunus americana Marsh. 
Populus deltoides Marsh. Cornus florida L. 
Morus rubra L,. Rhus glabra L. 
Viburnum prunifolium Ly. Juglans nigra L. 
Viburnum lentago Ly. Quercus macrocarpa Mx. 
There are comparatively few shrubs in the typical swamp 
forest. The following were collected : 
Cornus amomum Mill. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Ktz. 
Sambucus canadensis L. Rubus occidentalis Ly. 
Viburnum opulus L, 
In the drier parts the three lianas given below are quite 
abundant : 
Rhus radicans L,. 
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (I,.) Planch. 
Vitis vulpina L. 
In the outer, drier portions of the forest zone herbs are quite 
numerous. ‘This is probably due to the changed and still chang- 
ing conditions, as a considerable number would probably be 
absent if conditions were normal as formerly, when the hydro- 
phytic forest was continuous with the vast mesophytic forest of 
the region. Probably most of the herbs present were collected, 
and the following is the complete list of species, none of which is 
especially prominent over others in the society : 
Equisetum arvense [. Cinna arundinacea LL. 
Arisaema triphyllum (1,.) Torr. Poa pratensis L. 
Spathyema foetida (1,.) Raf. Elymus striatus Willd. 
Panicum capillare L. ““ _virginicus L. 
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. es canadensis IL. 
