SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR PoINT 197 
brought up a cedar stump whose roots the men said must have 
been two or three feet below water level. The water at the gage 
at the time was about .6° below 0. They had previously found 
in the work on the lagoon three or four cedar stumps below water 
level, the roots two or three feet below. 
In 1894 or 1895, Chas. Dildyne saw several cedar stumps in 
a group west of the Black Channel and not far from its mouth. 
They had been cut with an axe but their tops are below water 
except in very dry times. Three other persons have told me of 
seeing these same stumps or some in the same vicinity. 
In 1894 and 1895 William Hertlein worked a piece of land 
between Venice and Bay Bridge, which other years has been 
covered with water. He found many cedar stumps still in place, 
The muck was three or four feet deep but the cedar roots were, 
partly at least, in the clay underlying it. The water in May, 
1904, he said was as much as three feet above the uppermost 
roots. 
SUBMERGED Mart BEbs. 
The marl used by the Sandusky Portland Cement Works at 
Bay Bridge was formed from calcareous springwater probably 
above lake level. The greater part of the two hundred thousand 
tons used for cement has been taken from below mean lake level, 
the bottom of the deposit being about five feet below. 
At Willow Point a gravel beach half a mile long several rods 
wide and rising two or three feet above mean lake level has been 
formed of pebbles most of which are calcareous tufa. The marsh 
back of the beach rests upon clay and contains no tufa. The 
pebbles must have been derived from tufa beds that formerly 
existed where the bay now is, but at what level cannot be told. 
SUBMERGED VALLEYS AND THE BOTTOM 
OF THE BAY. 
The possibility of tracing the valleys of streams through the 
bay occurred to me in 1898 while gathering data in regard to 
submerged timber in the marsh east of Sandusky. A hunter 
who had often pushed a boat through the marsh told me that 
along a line extending out from the mouth of Plum. Brook a 
setting-pole would go down through the mud about 12 feet 
whereas on either side it struck hard bottom at two or three feet. 
A fisherman of whom I enquired regarding the character of the 
bottom of the bay told me that in setting stakes for his nets 
west of Johnson’s Island he had found that the soft mud was 
very deep along a line from the bay-bridge toward the range- 
lights south of the island. 
