SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 221 
and its irregularities are due, in part at least, to the surface of 
the underlying clay which had been modified by subaerial 
erosion when Lake Erie was yet at a distance. This erosion, 
moreover, must have been held in check in so level a region by 
the proximity of the underlying rock which in parts of Biemiller’s 
Cove is less than 12 feet below the mean lake level of recent years. 
BIEMILLER’S COVE. 
Biemiller’s Cove does not represent a valley in the clay but 
the crest. At one point the clay was found immediately under 
the ice and extending down to rock less than nine feet lower. At 
another point it was less than three feet from the surface. About 
sixty rods from the north end the clay is covered with some ten 
feet of muck. Several centuries ago, before the lake had attained 
its present level sand and gravel were piled up along the northeast 
shore of this land and the bay formed smaller deposits on the 
southwest shore. In time the water became high enough to 
cover most of the land between these deposits, forming a marsh 
both margins of which have since been covered by the sand. 
Near the cove and northwest of the Lake Laboratory the roots 
of large trees and an old cedar stump still retain about the same 
relation to the surface as when the trees started two or three 
centuries ago. A scow run ashore south of the Lake Laboratory 
about 1881 shows no appreciable change in the shore since that 
time. But in driving pipes for the Laboratory well, 1903, Mr. 
Appell found that after the point was down 12 or 14 feet below 
the surface of the ground, it drove the next 18 inches or so very 
easily, and after that hard again. When the point was in the 
part where it went down so easily he pumped up water that was 
dark colored, containing fibers as if from a marsh or bog. How 
much farther east this marsh extended I do not know. On the 
other side of the cove just inside of the bar and nearer the head 
than the mouth of the cove I found beneath a few inches of 
marsh at the surface some three or four feet of gravel and 
beneath that about four feet of muck. This narrow part of the 
peninsula that shuts in Biemiller’s Cove appears to be a wave 
built bar connecting the wider part toward the end with. the 
land at the head of the cove. In the wide part the clay must be 
near the surface; at least I have found it near the surface at 
several points in the bay not far away and inside the cove a short 
distance from it. 
The terminal portion of this peninsula has been built up by 
the bay in recent years; it appears to have extended about 18 
rods in 1904 and double that amount since the survey made by 
the War Department in 1872. In the survey of 1826, however, 
