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Ou1o StatTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
it extended a quarter of a mile farther than in 1872. (See Map 
I.) A map “60 years old’’ representing Cedar Point as divided 
into city lots shows two islands off the end of this peninsula and 
in line with it, named Big Sandy Island and Little Sandy Island. 
The water is still very shallow there. 
The chart of 1826 shows the cove narrower and the lend 
both sides of it much wider than now. Part of what appears on 
the chart as land must have been marsh. These changes have 
been produced mainly by the rising of the water but on the bay 
side of the peninsula land has been cut away by the waves. A 
number of trees were overturned in 1904. People remember see- 
ing the same thing years ago along the lake shore not very far 
from the laboratory, and a chart issued in 1864 marks this shcre 
“wearing away.” 
THE DUuNEs. 
Irregularities of the original surface and the existence of 
trees and bushes have caused the wind to build up numerous 
sand dunes, the highest of which according to Kellerman is 27 
feet. The other parts of Cedar Point having been built up anew 
are much more regular. 
The sand which here has been heaped into dunes and the 
sand which in the terminal portion of the peninsula has been 
piled into ridges is from two sources. 
(Ist) It has been transported along the beach from Rye 
Beach and beyond, most of the pebbles, having been reduced to 
sand while in transit. Sticks tossed into the lake usually drift 
toward the northwest, though sometimes in the opposite direc- 
tion. The movement of sand and other things along the beach 
is almost always toward the northwest for its motion is accom- 
plished by the combined action of waves and shore current, the 
waves lifting the materials and the current carrying them fer- 
ward. Waves on this shore are raised by an east wind and the 
accompanying shore current I believe is always toward the 
northwest. The crest of the wave is oblique to the shore and its 
left strikes first causing the water to rush along shore toward the 
right carrying the sand with it while the portion of the sand car- 
ried lakeward by the undertow is moved by the shore current in 
the same direction as that on the beach. 
(2d) Sand swept out of the mouth of the bay by the rapid 
current is carried ashore on Cedar Point, some of it probably 
going nearly or quite to the Carrying Ground. Recently my 
attention was called to the existence of such an eddy by Lorenzo 
Anthony who long ago used to set fish nets east of Cedar Point. 
I recalled that a certain bottle which I had set adrift in the bay 
