STRATIGRAPHIC GEOLOGY 345 
size. The backwardness of Ohio had long been a source of 
humiliation to some of her more intelligent citizens and it is safe 
to say that at the beginning of 1869 less was known concerning the 
Natural History and Geology of Ohio than of any other northern 
state. 
The Second Geological Survey of Ohio, as it is generally 
termed, was organized by Governor Hayes in 1869 with Dr. J. S. 
Newberry, chief Geologist ; Professors EK. B. Andrews, Edward 
Orton, and Mr, John H. Klippart, assistant geologists. In the 
list of local assistants that served on this survey are the names 
of men who afterward became famous geologists, as for example, 
R. D. Irving, Henry Newton, G. K. Gilbert, J. J. Stevenson and 
N. H. Winchell. Dr. Newberry was a native of Ohio and his 
interest in geology was first aroused by the visit of James Hall at 
his father’s house in Cuyahoga Falls on Hall’s famous geological 
trip to the Mississippi V ‘alley in 1841 and “Newberry used to say 
that Hall came as an angel, but before he went away he had become 
almost divine.”* At the time of Dr. Newberry’s appoint- 
ment he was ae esi of geology in the School of Mines of 
Columbia College, New York city, a position which he did not 
deem it expedient to resign. | Newberry’s plan for the survey was 
a wise one and the first. really comprehensive one that had been 
formulated concerning a Geological and Natural History Survey of 
the state. His broad grasp of the problem may be seen from the 
following statement in his first Report of Progress: 
“During the many years that had passed since the former 
board was ‘disbanded, geological surveys had been maintained, 
with more or less thoroughness, in New York, Pennsylvania, Ken- 
tueky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Iowa, Wis- 
consin, Michigan and Canada, and the observations made by the 
ceologists of those states in different and widely separated local- 
ities, had presented discrepancies that had given rise to long, 
earnest, and sometimes bitter discussions. Before the diverse con- 
clusions of these various observers could be harmonized, and the 
succession and distribution of the rocks represented in our geology 
be fully made out, it was necessary that these views should be com- 
pared in Ohio; that observations made east, west, north and south 
should here be connected. Ohio thus, in some sort, formed the 
keystone in the geological arch reaching from the Alleghenies to 
the Mississippi; and for many years geologists in our own country 
and abroad had been looking “forward with interest to the time 
when the geological survey in Ohio should supply this keystone, 
and render our whole geological system complete and symmetrical. 
It was also necessary that our work should be, first of ‘all, blocked 
out’ in its generalities; that we should learn precisely what forma- 
1 Professor J. J. Stevenson in Science. N. S., Vol., IV. p. 716. 
