91- Mr. H. T. CoLEBROOKE on the Philosophy of the Hindus. 



other, whicli likewise is expounded by its author, is the Nydya-sancshepa of 



GOVINDA-BHATTACHARYA. 



Elementary works only have been here spoken of. Distinct treatises, on 

 divers branches of the whole subject, and on various emergent topics, are 

 innumerable. No department of science, or literature, has more engaged 

 the attention of the Hindus, than the Nydya ; and the fruit of their lucu- 

 brations has been an infinity of volumes, among wliich are compositions of 

 very celebrated schoolmen. 



The order observed both by Gotama and by Canade, in delivering the 

 precepts of the science which they engage to unfold, is that which has 

 been intimated in a passage of the Vedas, cited in the Bhdshya, as requisite 

 steps of instruction and study : viz. enunciation, definition, and investiga- 

 tion. Enunciation, (uddtsa) is the mention of a thing by its name ; that is, 

 by a term signifying it, as taught by revelation : for language is considered 

 to have been revealed to man. Definition, (Jacshana) sets forth a peculiar 

 property, constituting the essential character of a thing. Investigation, 

 (paj-icshd) consists in disquisition upon the pertinence and sufficiency of 

 the definition. Consonantly to this, the teachers of philosophy premise the 

 terms of the science ; proceed to the definitions ; and then pass on to the 

 examination of subjects so premised. 



In a logical arrangement the " predicaments" {paddrt'ha), or " objects 

 of proof," are six; as they are enumerated by Canade;* viz. substance, 

 quality, action, community, particularity, and aggregation or intimate re- 

 lation : to which a seventh is added by other authors ; privation or nega- 

 tion.t Thus augmented, they compose a two-fold arrangement, positive 

 and negative, (bhuva and abhdva) the first comprising six, the latter one.+ 



The Baiidd'has, or followers of Budd'ha, are said to identify the predi- 

 caments with knowledge (Jnydna) ; and according to the Veddntis, who are 

 pantheists, the predicaments are identified with the universal being (Brahme) 

 in whom all exists.^ 



Other categories are alleged by different authorities ; as power or energy 

 (sacti) ; similarity or resemblance (sddrisya) ; and many more. But the 

 logicians of this school acknowledge but six ; or at most seven, above- 

 mentioned. 



* C. 1. 3. t 1'<"'C- Bhdih. 1. 



X Pad. Dip. 1. § Tare. Bhdsh. and N. Sang. 2. 4. 



